The mouse C9ORF72 ortholog is enriched in neurons known to
... repeats have been found upon autopsy of C9ORF72 patients 9, 10. However, whether one or more of these mechanisms are the cause of neuronal degeneration has not been resolved. Regardless of which molecular mechanism, or mechanisms, are responsible for the mutation's negative effects, it remains to be ...
... repeats have been found upon autopsy of C9ORF72 patients 9, 10. However, whether one or more of these mechanisms are the cause of neuronal degeneration has not been resolved. Regardless of which molecular mechanism, or mechanisms, are responsible for the mutation's negative effects, it remains to be ...
A neural implementation of Bayesian inference based on predictive
... To perform simulations with a hierarchical model, equations 1, 2 and 3 were evaluated for each processing stage in turn (starting from the lowest stage in the hierarchy), and this process was repeated to iteratively update the neural activations in each processing stage at each time-step. If the inp ...
... To perform simulations with a hierarchical model, equations 1, 2 and 3 were evaluated for each processing stage in turn (starting from the lowest stage in the hierarchy), and this process was repeated to iteratively update the neural activations in each processing stage at each time-step. If the inp ...
“Congruent” and “Opposite” Neurons: Sisters for Multisensory
... which works well when the sensory cues are originated from the same object. In cases where the sensory cues originate from different objects, the brain should segregate, rather than integrate, the cues. In a noisy environment, however, the brain is unable to differentiate the two situations at first ...
... which works well when the sensory cues are originated from the same object. In cases where the sensory cues originate from different objects, the brain should segregate, rather than integrate, the cues. In a noisy environment, however, the brain is unable to differentiate the two situations at first ...
An Optogenetic Approach to Understanding the Neural Circuits of Fear
... here). This approach has not been demonstrated for PV interneurons, however, and can be nonoptimal for targeting specific cell populations. This is because most viruses have limited packaging capacity, making it necessary to use truncated versions of tissue specific promoters, which can reduce cell- ...
... here). This approach has not been demonstrated for PV interneurons, however, and can be nonoptimal for targeting specific cell populations. This is because most viruses have limited packaging capacity, making it necessary to use truncated versions of tissue specific promoters, which can reduce cell- ...
interoception and the sentient self
... centre) target exactly these sites. Indeed, the superficial dorsal horn that is part of the homeostatic afferent system is easily distinguishable in myelinstained transverse sections of the human spinal cord from the deep dorsal horn, where large neurons receive input from large-diameter primary aff ...
... centre) target exactly these sites. Indeed, the superficial dorsal horn that is part of the homeostatic afferent system is easily distinguishable in myelinstained transverse sections of the human spinal cord from the deep dorsal horn, where large neurons receive input from large-diameter primary aff ...
Saccade-Related Spread of Activity Across
... either the SC map (the SC-symmetric kernel) or in the visual field (the visually symmetric, also called the SC-asymmetric kernel; see following text). Here the symmetry, either SC or visual space, refers to being isotropic (the same in all directions) as well as homogeneous (the same for neurons eve ...
... either the SC map (the SC-symmetric kernel) or in the visual field (the visually symmetric, also called the SC-asymmetric kernel; see following text). Here the symmetry, either SC or visual space, refers to being isotropic (the same in all directions) as well as homogeneous (the same for neurons eve ...
Saccade-Related Spread of Activity Across Superior Colliculus May
... either the SC map (the SC-symmetric kernel) or in the visual field (the visually symmetric, also called the SC-asymmetric kernel; see following text). Here the symmetry, either SC or visual space, refers to being isotropic (the same in all directions) as well as homogeneous (the same for neurons eve ...
... either the SC map (the SC-symmetric kernel) or in the visual field (the visually symmetric, also called the SC-asymmetric kernel; see following text). Here the symmetry, either SC or visual space, refers to being isotropic (the same in all directions) as well as homogeneous (the same for neurons eve ...
Commentary: Saccadic eye movements
... the control of visual fixation and saccadic eye movements. The superficial layers of the SC contain neurons that receive direct retinal inputs as well as inputs from other visual areas (Robinson and McClurkin, 1989). These visual neurons are organized into a visual map of the contralateral visual he ...
... the control of visual fixation and saccadic eye movements. The superficial layers of the SC contain neurons that receive direct retinal inputs as well as inputs from other visual areas (Robinson and McClurkin, 1989). These visual neurons are organized into a visual map of the contralateral visual he ...
Pathfinding in Computer Games 1 Introduction
... There are four neighbouring nodes to (1,1) which are E(1,0), (2,1), (1,2), (2,2) respectively. Since E(1,0) is the only node, which is not on either of the lists, it is now looked at. Given that all the neighbours of (1,1) have been looked at, it is added to the Closed list. Since E(1,0) is the end ...
... There are four neighbouring nodes to (1,1) which are E(1,0), (2,1), (1,2), (2,2) respectively. Since E(1,0) is the only node, which is not on either of the lists, it is now looked at. Given that all the neighbours of (1,1) have been looked at, it is added to the Closed list. Since E(1,0) is the end ...
Effect of Adrenalectomy on Miniature Inhibitory Postsynaptic
... 10.1152/jn.00401.2002. Within the rat paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus two types of neurons have been distinguished based on morphological appearance, i.e., parvocellular and magnocellular neurons. The parvocellular neurons play a key role in regulating the activity of the hypothalamo–pit ...
... 10.1152/jn.00401.2002. Within the rat paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus two types of neurons have been distinguished based on morphological appearance, i.e., parvocellular and magnocellular neurons. The parvocellular neurons play a key role in regulating the activity of the hypothalamo–pit ...
Olfactory modulation by dopamine in the context of aversive learning
... For DA receptor antagonist experiments (see Fig. 8, B and D), moths were injected with either a mixture of 10⫺8 M SCH39166 (a D1 receptor antagonist) and 10⫺8 M L-741,626 (a D2 receptor antagonist) (both from Tocris Bioscience) or vehicle (moth saline) or were not injected. Receptor antagonists were ...
... For DA receptor antagonist experiments (see Fig. 8, B and D), moths were injected with either a mixture of 10⫺8 M SCH39166 (a D1 receptor antagonist) and 10⫺8 M L-741,626 (a D2 receptor antagonist) (both from Tocris Bioscience) or vehicle (moth saline) or were not injected. Receptor antagonists were ...
Interactions Between Premotor and Motor Cortices in Non
... neurons in the other; by activating many cortico-cortical projections, some of which might converge at the single neuron level, it was anticipated that signs of F5-M1 synaptic connections might be easier to detect. Therefore, we adapted the technique used by Umilta et al. (2007) to allow us to look ...
... neurons in the other; by activating many cortico-cortical projections, some of which might converge at the single neuron level, it was anticipated that signs of F5-M1 synaptic connections might be easier to detect. Therefore, we adapted the technique used by Umilta et al. (2007) to allow us to look ...
A simulation of parahippocampal and hippocampal structures guiding spatial navigation of
... 1992; Quirk et al., 1992; Frank et al., 2002) and in anesthetized animals (Alonso and GarciaAustt, 1987). They could also be due to changes in the magnitude of synaptic transmission due to modulation of synaptic transmission. For example, activation of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors ha ...
... 1992; Quirk et al., 1992; Frank et al., 2002) and in anesthetized animals (Alonso and GarciaAustt, 1987). They could also be due to changes in the magnitude of synaptic transmission due to modulation of synaptic transmission. For example, activation of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors ha ...
PDF - Bentham Open
... tween the human cortical system and robots were made to characterize whether robots have emotions [4], such comparison does not address the functional role played by emotions in self-adaptive autonomous control or independent agent such as an animal. CYBERNETIC APPROACH We will derive a theoretical ...
... tween the human cortical system and robots were made to characterize whether robots have emotions [4], such comparison does not address the functional role played by emotions in self-adaptive autonomous control or independent agent such as an animal. CYBERNETIC APPROACH We will derive a theoretical ...
Neural mechanisms underlying the evolvability of behaviour
... In many respects, the gross structures of nervous systems have been strongly conserved within phyla. This has allowed neuroscientists to extrapolate the functions of homologous brain regions across species within a taxon. For example, work on rodent hippocampus informs our understanding of primate h ...
... In many respects, the gross structures of nervous systems have been strongly conserved within phyla. This has allowed neuroscientists to extrapolate the functions of homologous brain regions across species within a taxon. For example, work on rodent hippocampus informs our understanding of primate h ...
Article Link - Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory
... (Chaplin et al. 2013; Kaas 2006). These shared neural processes likely underlie the many aspects of social behavior and cognition characteristic of all primate species (Seyfarth and Cheney 2014). Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) have been the dominant model for studies of neural function in primates ...
... (Chaplin et al. 2013; Kaas 2006). These shared neural processes likely underlie the many aspects of social behavior and cognition characteristic of all primate species (Seyfarth and Cheney 2014). Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) have been the dominant model for studies of neural function in primates ...
Voluntary Nicotine Consumption Triggers Potentiation of Cortical Excitatory Drives to Midbrain
... (back of the animal, parallel to the spine). Pumps were filled either with saline (pumpSAL, n ⫽ 17) or nicotine tartrate solution (pump-NIC, n ⫽ 7). The concentration of nicotine tartrate salt solution was adjusted according to animal weight, resulting in 9 mg/kg/d (3.16 mg/kg/d, free base) for 6 d. ...
... (back of the animal, parallel to the spine). Pumps were filled either with saline (pumpSAL, n ⫽ 17) or nicotine tartrate solution (pump-NIC, n ⫽ 7). The concentration of nicotine tartrate salt solution was adjusted according to animal weight, resulting in 9 mg/kg/d (3.16 mg/kg/d, free base) for 6 d. ...
CHAPTER 12: THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MODULE 12.1
... Movement requires input from many motor association areas such as large premotor cortex located anterior to primary motor cortex Motor association areas are unimodal areas involved in planning, guidance, coordination, and execution of movement Frontal eye fields – paired motor association areas; one ...
... Movement requires input from many motor association areas such as large premotor cortex located anterior to primary motor cortex Motor association areas are unimodal areas involved in planning, guidance, coordination, and execution of movement Frontal eye fields – paired motor association areas; one ...