B-Lymphocyte-Mediated Delayed Cognitive Impairment following
... the later development of dementia is not understood. There are reports of oligoclonal bands in the CSF of stroke patients, suggesting that in some people a B-lymphocyte response to stroke may occur in the CNS. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that a B-lymphocyte response to stroke could contribut ...
... the later development of dementia is not understood. There are reports of oligoclonal bands in the CSF of stroke patients, suggesting that in some people a B-lymphocyte response to stroke may occur in the CNS. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that a B-lymphocyte response to stroke could contribut ...
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease
... Bilateral lesion of cholinergic cells in PPN induces gait problems in monkeys. Deep brain stimulation in the “area of the PPN” reduces gait and balance problem in “some” Parkinson’s disease patients. The PPN is involved in numerous motor and non-motor functions that are affected in PD (sleep, gait, ...
... Bilateral lesion of cholinergic cells in PPN induces gait problems in monkeys. Deep brain stimulation in the “area of the PPN” reduces gait and balance problem in “some” Parkinson’s disease patients. The PPN is involved in numerous motor and non-motor functions that are affected in PD (sleep, gait, ...
The Auditory System
... nuclei, the inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate body (MGB) to the contralateral auditory cortex on the dorsal surface of the superior temporal gyrus. Each MGB is bilaterally innervated, so that each hemisphere receives cochlear input bilaterally. All of the components of the auditory pathw ...
... nuclei, the inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate body (MGB) to the contralateral auditory cortex on the dorsal surface of the superior temporal gyrus. Each MGB is bilaterally innervated, so that each hemisphere receives cochlear input bilaterally. All of the components of the auditory pathw ...
Estradiol, Substance P, and the PI3K-Akt
... The pain system is exceedingly complex. Its features include plasticity in the primary afferents, dorsal horn, and brain; pain inhibition systems; descending modulation from the brain to the dorsal horn; changes in extracellular signaling molecules and inflammatory mediators; changes in membrane rec ...
... The pain system is exceedingly complex. Its features include plasticity in the primary afferents, dorsal horn, and brain; pain inhibition systems; descending modulation from the brain to the dorsal horn; changes in extracellular signaling molecules and inflammatory mediators; changes in membrane rec ...
Rationalizing Context-Dependent Preferences: Divisive
... various neural systems for various tasks. Moreover, there is some mechanism which selects more efficient allocations and rejects less efficient ones. In the case of the brain this mechanism is evolution, and we can identify a basic constraint that directly impacts how the decision-making process in ...
... various neural systems for various tasks. Moreover, there is some mechanism which selects more efficient allocations and rejects less efficient ones. In the case of the brain this mechanism is evolution, and we can identify a basic constraint that directly impacts how the decision-making process in ...
Mechanisms of Sleep Control - UCLA Integrative Center for
... nucleus of the solitary tract. Low-frequency stimulation of this structure can produce short-latency sleep onset (Magnes et al., 1961). Stimulation of the baroreceptor afferents to this area can also produce rapid sleep onset with relatively short latency to REM sleep (Puizillout and Foutz, 1977). C ...
... nucleus of the solitary tract. Low-frequency stimulation of this structure can produce short-latency sleep onset (Magnes et al., 1961). Stimulation of the baroreceptor afferents to this area can also produce rapid sleep onset with relatively short latency to REM sleep (Puizillout and Foutz, 1977). C ...
Pallidal Discharge Related to the Kinematics of Reaching
... same targets via indirect pathways. Thus possible differences in the movement-related discharge of GPe and GPi neurons are of interest for models of basal ganglia function. Because movement-related increases and decreases in the discharge of neurons in either GPe or GPi are predicted to have opposin ...
... same targets via indirect pathways. Thus possible differences in the movement-related discharge of GPe and GPi neurons are of interest for models of basal ganglia function. Because movement-related increases and decreases in the discharge of neurons in either GPe or GPi are predicted to have opposin ...
The encoding and decoding of com-
... The mammalian visual system has a remarkable capacity of processing a large amount of information within milliseconds under widely varying conditions into invariant representations. Recently a model of the primary visual system exploited the unique feature of dense local excitatory connectivity of t ...
... The mammalian visual system has a remarkable capacity of processing a large amount of information within milliseconds under widely varying conditions into invariant representations. Recently a model of the primary visual system exploited the unique feature of dense local excitatory connectivity of t ...
Molecules and circuits involved in nicotine addiction: The many
... it as effective as other psychostimulants in supporting drug selfadministration in rodents? One reason may be that nicotine stimulates both glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs onto VTA DA neurons, resulting in a mixed excitation and inhibition of this circuit (Mansvelder et al., 2002; Wooltorton et a ...
... it as effective as other psychostimulants in supporting drug selfadministration in rodents? One reason may be that nicotine stimulates both glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs onto VTA DA neurons, resulting in a mixed excitation and inhibition of this circuit (Mansvelder et al., 2002; Wooltorton et a ...
Caudate Tracing Guidelines
... anterior horn of the ventricle. The head of the caudate nucleus and the putamen are separated by fibers of the anterior limb of the internal capsule, except rostroventrally where continuity is maintained. The body of the caudate nucleus extends along the dorsolateral border of the thalamus, from whi ...
... anterior horn of the ventricle. The head of the caudate nucleus and the putamen are separated by fibers of the anterior limb of the internal capsule, except rostroventrally where continuity is maintained. The body of the caudate nucleus extends along the dorsolateral border of the thalamus, from whi ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... reinforcement contingencies change. The monkeys may respond when responses are inappropriate, e.g. no longer rewarded, or may respond to a non-rewarded stimulus. For example, monkeys with orbitofrontal damage are impaired on go/no-go task performance, in that they go on the no-go trials (Iversen and ...
... reinforcement contingencies change. The monkeys may respond when responses are inappropriate, e.g. no longer rewarded, or may respond to a non-rewarded stimulus. For example, monkeys with orbitofrontal damage are impaired on go/no-go task performance, in that they go on the no-go trials (Iversen and ...
Invulnerability of retinal ganglion cells to NMDA excitotoxicity
... are blocked by CNQX and that GluR2 specific antiserum stain synaptic puncta in RGC cultures (Pfrieger and Barres, 1997; Ullian et al., 2001), and that in situ, RGCs express GluR2 (J.S.D., unpublished observations). However, we had not yet examined their NMDA receptor protein expression. To determine ...
... are blocked by CNQX and that GluR2 specific antiserum stain synaptic puncta in RGC cultures (Pfrieger and Barres, 1997; Ullian et al., 2001), and that in situ, RGCs express GluR2 (J.S.D., unpublished observations). However, we had not yet examined their NMDA receptor protein expression. To determine ...
Role of the Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia
... et al., 2008). The STD is implemented by including a factor D that multiplies all terms on the right side of Equation 4 (Hempel et al., 2000), which satisfies the following equation (Eq. 7): ...
... et al., 2008). The STD is implemented by including a factor D that multiplies all terms on the right side of Equation 4 (Hempel et al., 2000), which satisfies the following equation (Eq. 7): ...
Receptive Fields and Binaural Interactions for Virtual
... al. 1983; see Irvine 1992 for review). However, free-field studies alone cannot determine which acoustic cues are responsible for this directional sensitivity because they do not allow independent control over each cue. Such control can be achieved in dichotic studies that deliver stimuli through cl ...
... al. 1983; see Irvine 1992 for review). However, free-field studies alone cannot determine which acoustic cues are responsible for this directional sensitivity because they do not allow independent control over each cue. Such control can be achieved in dichotic studies that deliver stimuli through cl ...
Author`s personal copy - Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives
... segment of the globus pallidus (GPi). The anatomo-physiological organization of the BG and their output suggested that interfering with such hyper-activity could restore motor function and improve parkinsonism. Several animal models in rodents and primates, as well as clinical studies and neurosurgi ...
... segment of the globus pallidus (GPi). The anatomo-physiological organization of the BG and their output suggested that interfering with such hyper-activity could restore motor function and improve parkinsonism. Several animal models in rodents and primates, as well as clinical studies and neurosurgi ...
Intrinsic Connections of Macaque of Cells Outside Lamina 4c` Striate
... The projections from lamina 3B/4A to 2/3A and to 5A are apparent with retrograde transport as well. Microinjections into lamina 2/3A lead to the scattered labeling of neurons in lamina 3B/4A (Fig. 6) a result that reinforces the observation, described above, that the spreading component of the 2/3A ...
... The projections from lamina 3B/4A to 2/3A and to 5A are apparent with retrograde transport as well. Microinjections into lamina 2/3A lead to the scattered labeling of neurons in lamina 3B/4A (Fig. 6) a result that reinforces the observation, described above, that the spreading component of the 2/3A ...
Genetic and Functional Modularity of Hox Activities in the
... January 2013 | Volume 9 | Issue 1 | e1003184 ...
... January 2013 | Volume 9 | Issue 1 | e1003184 ...
Possible cues driving context-specific adaptation of optocollic reflex
... various synchronized rhythmical activities, while they should be tonically active at rest to control posture. In addition, the pattern of vestibular information most probably varies according to the ongoing head movements during a given behavior. An efferent copy of the motor commands could also mod ...
... various synchronized rhythmical activities, while they should be tonically active at rest to control posture. In addition, the pattern of vestibular information most probably varies according to the ongoing head movements during a given behavior. An efferent copy of the motor commands could also mod ...
Different representations of pleasant and unpleasant odours in the
... period, the odour was rated using a button box for both pleasantness and intensity, using a visual rating scale from 2 (very pleasant/very strong) to 2 (very unpleasant/very weak). fMRI data acquisition Images were acquired with a 3.0-T VARIAN/SIEMENS whole-body scanner at FMRIB, Oxford. Local brai ...
... period, the odour was rated using a button box for both pleasantness and intensity, using a visual rating scale from 2 (very pleasant/very strong) to 2 (very unpleasant/very weak). fMRI data acquisition Images were acquired with a 3.0-T VARIAN/SIEMENS whole-body scanner at FMRIB, Oxford. Local brai ...
Dynamical Properties of Neuronal Systems with
... As a central result, we introduce a novel mean-field method that makes it possible to calculate the average activity of heterogeneous, degree-correlated neuronal networks without having to simulate each neuron explicitly. The method is based on grouping neurons with equal number of inputs (their in-d ...
... As a central result, we introduce a novel mean-field method that makes it possible to calculate the average activity of heterogeneous, degree-correlated neuronal networks without having to simulate each neuron explicitly. The method is based on grouping neurons with equal number of inputs (their in-d ...
Disentanglement of local field potential sources by independent
... Abstract The spontaneous activity of working neurons yields synaptic currents that mix up in the volume conductor. This activity is picked up by intracerebral recording electrodes as local field potentials (LFPs), but their separation into original informative sources is an unresolved problem. Assum ...
... Abstract The spontaneous activity of working neurons yields synaptic currents that mix up in the volume conductor. This activity is picked up by intracerebral recording electrodes as local field potentials (LFPs), but their separation into original informative sources is an unresolved problem. Assum ...
Martin, Neuroscientist 2005
... The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes, but their distribution is later restric ...
... The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes, but their distribution is later restric ...
Are there differences between the secretion characteristics of NGF
... showed unusual characteristics [Blöchl and Thoenen (1995) Eur J Neurosci 7:1220–1228; (1996) Mol Cell Neurosci 7:173–190]. In both hippocampal slices and cultured hippocampal neurons the activity-dependent secretion proved to be independent of extracellular calcium, but dependent on the release of ...
... showed unusual characteristics [Blöchl and Thoenen (1995) Eur J Neurosci 7:1220–1228; (1996) Mol Cell Neurosci 7:173–190]. In both hippocampal slices and cultured hippocampal neurons the activity-dependent secretion proved to be independent of extracellular calcium, but dependent on the release of ...
The Journal of Neuroscience http://jneurosci.msubmit.net Ana
... order to be selected for analysis, Golgi impregnated neurons had to meet the following characteristics: 1) location in the CA3 or CA1 subregion of the dorsal hippocampus; 2) dark and consistent impregnation throughout the extent of all of the dendrites; 3) relative isolation from neighboring impregn ...
... order to be selected for analysis, Golgi impregnated neurons had to meet the following characteristics: 1) location in the CA3 or CA1 subregion of the dorsal hippocampus; 2) dark and consistent impregnation throughout the extent of all of the dendrites; 3) relative isolation from neighboring impregn ...
Neurobiology of Pain - Lewis Mehl
... • Specifically, the somatosensory cortices have been implicated in interpreting sensory features of pain. • The anterior cingulate cortex and insular cortices, both components of the limbic system, have been implicated in affective processing of pain. • Moreover, prefrontal cortical areas, as well a ...
... • Specifically, the somatosensory cortices have been implicated in interpreting sensory features of pain. • The anterior cingulate cortex and insular cortices, both components of the limbic system, have been implicated in affective processing of pain. • Moreover, prefrontal cortical areas, as well a ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.