Role of Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Interactions in the Pathogenesis
... other mechanoreceptor-mediated afferents has been extensively studied in both human infants and various animal models. However, maturation of the role of neurotransmitters that mediate these neural pathways at the brainstem is poorly understood. As fetal and early neonatal life are characterized by ...
... other mechanoreceptor-mediated afferents has been extensively studied in both human infants and various animal models. However, maturation of the role of neurotransmitters that mediate these neural pathways at the brainstem is poorly understood. As fetal and early neonatal life are characterized by ...
Nerve cells in the human ciliary muscle: ultrastructural and
... from nerve cells outside the eye, intrinsic nerve cells are present in human ciliary muscle. Although these ciliary muscle nerve cells (Pkxus gangliosus ciliaris) were discovered more than one hundred years ago21"23 and were mentioned in several studies during the last few decades,24"28 nothing is k ...
... from nerve cells outside the eye, intrinsic nerve cells are present in human ciliary muscle. Although these ciliary muscle nerve cells (Pkxus gangliosus ciliaris) were discovered more than one hundred years ago21"23 and were mentioned in several studies during the last few decades,24"28 nothing is k ...
Non-human primates in neuroscience research: The case against its
... investigations are revealing how areas of the brain interact to transform particular sensory information into specific motor outputs, to achieve goaldirected movements (21). Resting state functional connectivity (rs-fc) fMRI has successfully identified altered intrinsic neural networks in many neuro ...
... investigations are revealing how areas of the brain interact to transform particular sensory information into specific motor outputs, to achieve goaldirected movements (21). Resting state functional connectivity (rs-fc) fMRI has successfully identified altered intrinsic neural networks in many neuro ...
Grounding conceptual knowledge in modality
... The human conceptual system contains knowledge that supports all cognitive activities, including perception, memory, language and thought. According to most current theories, states in modality-specific systems for perception, action and emotion do not represent knowledge – rather, redescriptions of ...
... The human conceptual system contains knowledge that supports all cognitive activities, including perception, memory, language and thought. According to most current theories, states in modality-specific systems for perception, action and emotion do not represent knowledge – rather, redescriptions of ...
the distribution of the cells of origin of callosal projections in cat
... The distribution of neurons projecting through the corpus callosum (callosal neurons) was examined in retinotopically defined areas of cat visual cortex. As many callosal neurons as possible were labeled in a single animal by surgically dividing the posterior two-thirds of the corpus callosum and ex ...
... The distribution of neurons projecting through the corpus callosum (callosal neurons) was examined in retinotopically defined areas of cat visual cortex. As many callosal neurons as possible were labeled in a single animal by surgically dividing the posterior two-thirds of the corpus callosum and ex ...
NMDA Receptors Contribute to Primary Visceral Afferent
... synaptic transmission in the NTS may be due to true differences in the glutamate receptor subtypes activated in these different autonomic reflex pathways or to limitations of the microinjection technique, which typically relies on relatively large volumes (10–100 nl) of highly concentrated agents th ...
... synaptic transmission in the NTS may be due to true differences in the glutamate receptor subtypes activated in these different autonomic reflex pathways or to limitations of the microinjection technique, which typically relies on relatively large volumes (10–100 nl) of highly concentrated agents th ...
Odorant Category Profile Selectivity of Olfactory Cortex Neurons
... continuously monitored by measuring the individual foods show distinct odorant-category profiles. The names of the odorants in the boxes a–z, aa–az, ba– bz, and ca– cr chest movement with a strain gauge (TR-651T; are listed in the supplemental Figures 1 and 2 (available at www.jneurosci.org as suppl ...
... continuously monitored by measuring the individual foods show distinct odorant-category profiles. The names of the odorants in the boxes a–z, aa–az, ba– bz, and ca– cr chest movement with a strain gauge (TR-651T; are listed in the supplemental Figures 1 and 2 (available at www.jneurosci.org as suppl ...
Self-images in the video monitor coded by monkey intraparietal
... and found in the intraparietal cortex a group of bimodal (somatosensory and visual) neurons which seemed to represent the image of the hand into which the tool was incorporated as its extension (Iriki et al., 1996). That is, around the somatosensory receptive field resided in the hand/forearm area w ...
... and found in the intraparietal cortex a group of bimodal (somatosensory and visual) neurons which seemed to represent the image of the hand into which the tool was incorporated as its extension (Iriki et al., 1996). That is, around the somatosensory receptive field resided in the hand/forearm area w ...
Get PDF - Wiley Online Library
... Probes) to visualize the entire population of cells. Fluorescent images were acquired using a Zeiss LSM510 confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss). To increase the confidence in the colocalization analysis, care was taken to collect potentially overlapping emissions separately using the “multitrack” functi ...
... Probes) to visualize the entire population of cells. Fluorescent images were acquired using a Zeiss LSM510 confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss). To increase the confidence in the colocalization analysis, care was taken to collect potentially overlapping emissions separately using the “multitrack” functi ...
Word Definition 12 Cranial Nerve innervation of
... cell and one cell that remains in the cell cycle. The post-mitotic cell migrates towards its final location. Many neurons of auditory cortical areas are selectively responsive to temporal patterns of auditory stimuli, e.g., frequency modulation of tones. Areas have been found that appear to respond ...
... cell and one cell that remains in the cell cycle. The post-mitotic cell migrates towards its final location. Many neurons of auditory cortical areas are selectively responsive to temporal patterns of auditory stimuli, e.g., frequency modulation of tones. Areas have been found that appear to respond ...
Tasks for inhibitory interneurons in intact brain circuits
... distant targets (Tepper et al., 2004), Purkinje cells provide the sole output from the cerebellar cortex and inhibit the deep cerebellar nuclei (Eccles et al., 1967) and long-range inhibitory neurons reciprocally connect the hippocampus and the medial septum or entorhinal cortex (Alonso and Kohler, ...
... distant targets (Tepper et al., 2004), Purkinje cells provide the sole output from the cerebellar cortex and inhibit the deep cerebellar nuclei (Eccles et al., 1967) and long-range inhibitory neurons reciprocally connect the hippocampus and the medial septum or entorhinal cortex (Alonso and Kohler, ...
Reward-Dependent Spatial Selectivity of Anticipatory Activity in
... caudate neurons. J Neurophysiol 87: 508 –515, 2002; 10.1152/jn. 00288.2001. Many neurons show anticipatory activity in learned tasks. This phenomenon appears to reflect the brain’s ability to predict future events. However, what actually is predicted is unknown. Using a memory-guided saccade task, i ...
... caudate neurons. J Neurophysiol 87: 508 –515, 2002; 10.1152/jn. 00288.2001. Many neurons show anticipatory activity in learned tasks. This phenomenon appears to reflect the brain’s ability to predict future events. However, what actually is predicted is unknown. Using a memory-guided saccade task, i ...
Nitric Oxide Synthase Protein and mRNA Are
... NOS activity in brain homogenates (A) displays a regional distribution nearly identical to the density of the immunoreactive NOS band at 160 kd (B). Nitric oxide synthase activity was determined by monitoring the conversion of [3H]arginine to [3H]citrulline as described (Bredt and Snyder, 1990). Wes ...
... NOS activity in brain homogenates (A) displays a regional distribution nearly identical to the density of the immunoreactive NOS band at 160 kd (B). Nitric oxide synthase activity was determined by monitoring the conversion of [3H]arginine to [3H]citrulline as described (Bredt and Snyder, 1990). Wes ...
Structural Abnormalities of the Central Auditory Pathway in Infants
... other studies have also reported that although general body growth in subjects with CL/P during childhood is less than that in normal children, most eventually reach normal height (Cunningham and Jerome, 1997). There is evidence for the existence of growth hormone deficiency in children with CL/P du ...
... other studies have also reported that although general body growth in subjects with CL/P during childhood is less than that in normal children, most eventually reach normal height (Cunningham and Jerome, 1997). There is evidence for the existence of growth hormone deficiency in children with CL/P du ...
Neural degeneration mutants in the zebrafish, Danio
... Fig. 2. Class I mutant phenotypes. (A,C,E,G,I,K,M) Wild type; (B,D,F,H,J) aoi, (L) tc294a and (N) ty103a. (A-H) at 36 h; (I-L) at the 10somite stage and (M,N) at the 15-somite stage. (C,D) Acridine orange (AO)-stained embryos of (A,B) respectively. (G,H) Parasagittal section of the tectum stained wi ...
... Fig. 2. Class I mutant phenotypes. (A,C,E,G,I,K,M) Wild type; (B,D,F,H,J) aoi, (L) tc294a and (N) ty103a. (A-H) at 36 h; (I-L) at the 10somite stage and (M,N) at the 15-somite stage. (C,D) Acridine orange (AO)-stained embryos of (A,B) respectively. (G,H) Parasagittal section of the tectum stained wi ...
Computational models of reinforcement learning
... may not be contingent upon actions taken by the agent. In most models, the output of this function is computed as the Temporal Difference (TD) error between estimated and actual rewards. (3) A policy function (also known as actor) which maps the agent states to possible actions, using the output of ...
... may not be contingent upon actions taken by the agent. In most models, the output of this function is computed as the Temporal Difference (TD) error between estimated and actual rewards. (3) A policy function (also known as actor) which maps the agent states to possible actions, using the output of ...
15. Brain and Cranial Nerves
... 15.1b Organization of Neural Tissue Areas in the Brain Two distinct tissue areas are recognized within the brain and spinal cord: gray matter and white matter. The gray matter houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons. (Origin of gray color descr ...
... 15.1b Organization of Neural Tissue Areas in the Brain Two distinct tissue areas are recognized within the brain and spinal cord: gray matter and white matter. The gray matter houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons. (Origin of gray color descr ...
Bystander Attenuation Of Neuronal And Astrocyte
... state to 340 nm in a Ca2+ bound state (Fig. 2). This allows for an accurate quantification of Ca2+ level based on the ratio of the fluorescent emission intensity at 340 and 380 excitation. This ratiometric quantity corrects for uneven dye loading, photobleaching, and changes in cellular volume. Henc ...
... state to 340 nm in a Ca2+ bound state (Fig. 2). This allows for an accurate quantification of Ca2+ level based on the ratio of the fluorescent emission intensity at 340 and 380 excitation. This ratiometric quantity corrects for uneven dye loading, photobleaching, and changes in cellular volume. Henc ...
spiking neuron models - Assets - Cambridge
... The neuronal signals consist of short electrical pulses and can be observed by placing a fine electrode close to the soma or axon of a neuron; see Fig. 1.2. The pulses, so-called action potentials or spikes, have an amplitude of about 100 mV and typically a duration of 1–2 ms. The form of the pulse ...
... The neuronal signals consist of short electrical pulses and can be observed by placing a fine electrode close to the soma or axon of a neuron; see Fig. 1.2. The pulses, so-called action potentials or spikes, have an amplitude of about 100 mV and typically a duration of 1–2 ms. The form of the pulse ...
MODULE 4: MOTOR AND SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS
... spinothalamic tract and other anterolateral pathways, somatosensory cortex, central modulation of pain, and the thalamus. The key clinical concepts will include paresthesias, spinal cord lesions, sensory loss, patterns and localization, spinal cord syndromes. The book will provide the details of the ...
... spinothalamic tract and other anterolateral pathways, somatosensory cortex, central modulation of pain, and the thalamus. The key clinical concepts will include paresthesias, spinal cord lesions, sensory loss, patterns and localization, spinal cord syndromes. The book will provide the details of the ...
Sten Grillner
... to finish in 1960. I have fond memories from this time and had rather broad interests, perhaps more toward literature than science. My parents were always supportive, and they let me follow my own inclination. My exposure to research was limited, although I had an uncle geologist, who explained his ...
... to finish in 1960. I have fond memories from this time and had rather broad interests, perhaps more toward literature than science. My parents were always supportive, and they let me follow my own inclination. My exposure to research was limited, although I had an uncle geologist, who explained his ...
File
... and vital functions • Hypothalamus – Basic drives and link between thought and emotion and function of internal organs • Brainstem – Processing center for sensory information ...
... and vital functions • Hypothalamus – Basic drives and link between thought and emotion and function of internal organs • Brainstem – Processing center for sensory information ...
The Nervous System
... Genitals & lower digestive tract Afferent & efferent fibres Some cranial nerves contain only afferent fibres They are the first cells entering the CNS The efferent NS is subdivided into somatic & autonomic Innervate skeletal muscle Innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands & neurones in GI tra ...
... Genitals & lower digestive tract Afferent & efferent fibres Some cranial nerves contain only afferent fibres They are the first cells entering the CNS The efferent NS is subdivided into somatic & autonomic Innervate skeletal muscle Innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands & neurones in GI tra ...
Electrical stimulation of neural tissue to evoke behavioral responses
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...
pdf file. - Harvard Vision Lab
... therefore keeping track of self-movement is a necessary part of analysing sensory input. One way in which the brain keeps track of self-movement is by monitoring an internal copy, or corollary discharge, of motor commands1–13. This concept could explain why we perceive a stable visual world despite ...
... therefore keeping track of self-movement is a necessary part of analysing sensory input. One way in which the brain keeps track of self-movement is by monitoring an internal copy, or corollary discharge, of motor commands1–13. This concept could explain why we perceive a stable visual world despite ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.