![spinal cord](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008568275_1-7563ff149287a972a19951035e6051d9-300x300.png)
spinal cord
... • Joined to the base of the ventral rami of spinal nerves in the thoracic region are the rami communicantes. These are sympathetic fibers that we’ll deal with shortly. • Dorsal rami supply the posterior body trunk whereas the thicker ventral rami supply the rest of the body trunk and the limbs. ...
... • Joined to the base of the ventral rami of spinal nerves in the thoracic region are the rami communicantes. These are sympathetic fibers that we’ll deal with shortly. • Dorsal rami supply the posterior body trunk whereas the thicker ventral rami supply the rest of the body trunk and the limbs. ...
Arousal Systems
... • Extensive bilateral cortical, subcortical white matter, or thalamic injuries, with relative sparing of the brainstem, which accounts for preservation of arousal mechanisms. • Transitional state from the unarousable unresponsiveness of a coma to a partially responsive state. ...
... • Extensive bilateral cortical, subcortical white matter, or thalamic injuries, with relative sparing of the brainstem, which accounts for preservation of arousal mechanisms. • Transitional state from the unarousable unresponsiveness of a coma to a partially responsive state. ...
Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea1
... As reported previously (Frost and Katz, 1996), directly activating DRI using intracellular stimulation elicits the swim motor program (Fig. 2), while hyperpolarizing a single DRI prevents the nerve shock-elicited motor program. These findings satisfy the most stringent criteria for inclusion of DRI ...
... As reported previously (Frost and Katz, 1996), directly activating DRI using intracellular stimulation elicits the swim motor program (Fig. 2), while hyperpolarizing a single DRI prevents the nerve shock-elicited motor program. These findings satisfy the most stringent criteria for inclusion of DRI ...
Abnormal gray matter aging in chronic pain patients
... (Bergfield et al., 2009; Blinkov and Glezer, 1968; Good et al., 2001; McGinnis et al., 2011; Morrison and Hof, 2007; Sowell et al., 2003), although hypertrophy has also been reported in some brain areas (Fjell et al., 2009; Salat et al., 2004). GM changes in the brain also occur with dysfunction, in ...
... (Bergfield et al., 2009; Blinkov and Glezer, 1968; Good et al., 2001; McGinnis et al., 2011; Morrison and Hof, 2007; Sowell et al., 2003), although hypertrophy has also been reported in some brain areas (Fjell et al., 2009; Salat et al., 2004). GM changes in the brain also occur with dysfunction, in ...
Peripheral Nervous System
... – Reflex in response to stimulation of the outer portion of the sole of the foot (make a ‘J’ from the heel along the lateral edge through the ball of the foot) – Infant (to 1 ½ yrs): extension and fanning of toes ...
... – Reflex in response to stimulation of the outer portion of the sole of the foot (make a ‘J’ from the heel along the lateral edge through the ball of the foot) – Infant (to 1 ½ yrs): extension and fanning of toes ...
The avian `prefrontal cortex` and cognition - Ruhr-Universität
... birds were presented with a test period, whereas on forget trials the test period was absent. The three horizontally arranged circles represent pecking keys along the wall of a conditioning chamber. The animals were trained to peck on the central key during the sample period, to remember the stimulu ...
... birds were presented with a test period, whereas on forget trials the test period was absent. The three horizontally arranged circles represent pecking keys along the wall of a conditioning chamber. The animals were trained to peck on the central key during the sample period, to remember the stimulu ...
Emergence of Mirror Neurons in a Model of Gaze Following
... observes another’s behavior and replicates it. In this sense, gaze following can be viewed as imitation [12], [19]. The behavior that is being observed is another’s gaze shift to a particular location in space, and this behavior is replicated1. Most authors use more strict definitions for “true” imi ...
... observes another’s behavior and replicates it. In this sense, gaze following can be viewed as imitation [12], [19]. The behavior that is being observed is another’s gaze shift to a particular location in space, and this behavior is replicated1. Most authors use more strict definitions for “true” imi ...
07. Pons Internal Features 0102010-10-01 05:141.9
... • Fibers from the cdorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei ascend in the pons • Most of the fibers cross in the midline. The decussating fibers constitute the trapezoid body which intersects the medial lemnisci and then turn rostrally in the lateral part of the tegmentum to form the lateral lemniscus • S ...
... • Fibers from the cdorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei ascend in the pons • Most of the fibers cross in the midline. The decussating fibers constitute the trapezoid body which intersects the medial lemnisci and then turn rostrally in the lateral part of the tegmentum to form the lateral lemniscus • S ...
Nerve Fiber Classification Nerve fibers are classified according to:
... G-protein activation works by controlling production of second messengers such as cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, diacylglycerol, or Ca++ which open or close ion channels or activate kinase enzymes that initiate an enzymatic ...
... G-protein activation works by controlling production of second messengers such as cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, diacylglycerol, or Ca++ which open or close ion channels or activate kinase enzymes that initiate an enzymatic ...
Theory of Arachnid Prey Localization
... The key question is now: given the data from these eight sense organs, how does the sand scorpion—or for that matter any vibration-sensitive arachnid—determine the stimulus direction? To answer this question we must know the “hardware,” viz., the anatomy of the relevant part of the animal’s brain [9 ...
... The key question is now: given the data from these eight sense organs, how does the sand scorpion—or for that matter any vibration-sensitive arachnid—determine the stimulus direction? To answer this question we must know the “hardware,” viz., the anatomy of the relevant part of the animal’s brain [9 ...
Mechanisms to synchronize neuronal activity
... in line with results by Eckhorn et al. (1988) who reported an even broader distribution of oscillation frequencies in areas 17 and 18 of the anesthetized cat, in the range 35±85 Hz. Using objective methods to de®ne the relevant frequency range, Siegel et al. (1999) found in the awake behaving animal ...
... in line with results by Eckhorn et al. (1988) who reported an even broader distribution of oscillation frequencies in areas 17 and 18 of the anesthetized cat, in the range 35±85 Hz. Using objective methods to de®ne the relevant frequency range, Siegel et al. (1999) found in the awake behaving animal ...
Document
... much higher than in other sensory systems • Timing has been studied using psychological, behavioral, and neuro-imaging approaches. • Few in vitro studies exist this paper! • Can we observe a physiological ‘memory trace’ in brain slices? ...
... much higher than in other sensory systems • Timing has been studied using psychological, behavioral, and neuro-imaging approaches. • Few in vitro studies exist this paper! • Can we observe a physiological ‘memory trace’ in brain slices? ...
Transient information flow in a network of excitatory and inhibitory
... simulate networks with a detailed set of biologicallyinspired parameters. They implemented distance-dependent connectivity and different refractory periods and thresholds for the inhibitory and excitatory pools. They also investigated the role of dynamic synapses and introduced stochasticity in the v ...
... simulate networks with a detailed set of biologicallyinspired parameters. They implemented distance-dependent connectivity and different refractory periods and thresholds for the inhibitory and excitatory pools. They also investigated the role of dynamic synapses and introduced stochasticity in the v ...
Cortical evolution and development: Conserved
... particularly disproportional enlargement or reduction of the volumes of particular brain subdivisions with respect to overall brain volume, are well predicted by a conserved order of neurogenesis is reviewed. Developmentally late-generated structures become disproportionately large as the brain enla ...
... particularly disproportional enlargement or reduction of the volumes of particular brain subdivisions with respect to overall brain volume, are well predicted by a conserved order of neurogenesis is reviewed. Developmentally late-generated structures become disproportionately large as the brain enla ...
Interplay of environmental signals and progenitor diversity on fate
... by gene expression patterns and time of cell cycle exit (i.e., birthday), respectively (Angevine and Sidman, 1961; Rakic, 1988). In contrast, most of the brain’s GABAergic interneurons derive from progenitors located in four different sub-regions of the subpallium: the medial (MGE), lateral (LGE) and ...
... by gene expression patterns and time of cell cycle exit (i.e., birthday), respectively (Angevine and Sidman, 1961; Rakic, 1988). In contrast, most of the brain’s GABAergic interneurons derive from progenitors located in four different sub-regions of the subpallium: the medial (MGE), lateral (LGE) and ...
Lecture 015, CNS - SuperPage for Joel R. Gober, PhD.
... the most cranial part of the central nervous system. It’s also the largest. It’s 80% by mass, so the cerebrum is this object right here, and it’s responsible for higher mental functions and for appreciating reality. This is where all your conscious decisions are made, this where all your appreciatio ...
... the most cranial part of the central nervous system. It’s also the largest. It’s 80% by mass, so the cerebrum is this object right here, and it’s responsible for higher mental functions and for appreciating reality. This is where all your conscious decisions are made, this where all your appreciatio ...
What does the eye tell the brain? Development of a system for the large-scale recording of retinal output activity
... the most-significant variables (those with the highest variance), where these variables are linear combinations of the 182 , which is our measurements. In the example below, typical value. Each spike, and its associated combined analog waveforms, are then represented as a point in an -dimensional sp ...
... the most-significant variables (those with the highest variance), where these variables are linear combinations of the 182 , which is our measurements. In the example below, typical value. Each spike, and its associated combined analog waveforms, are then represented as a point in an -dimensional sp ...
Functional Disconnectivities in Autistic Spectrum
... coordinated function. If specific regions are inadequately stimulated, then we may see failure of anatomic or functional development in that region with a preservation of basic lower level functionality. Higher functions that depend on greater areas of integrated stimulation may be lost or dysfuncti ...
... coordinated function. If specific regions are inadequately stimulated, then we may see failure of anatomic or functional development in that region with a preservation of basic lower level functionality. Higher functions that depend on greater areas of integrated stimulation may be lost or dysfuncti ...
A cellular mechanism for cortical associations: an organizing
... operating principles of the cerebral cortex are hotly debated [1–4]. It is still deeply puzzling how neurons in different regions, sometimes many centimeters apart, can be linked with each other and act in concert to form single conscious percepts [5]. But even basic questions such as why the cortex ...
... operating principles of the cerebral cortex are hotly debated [1–4]. It is still deeply puzzling how neurons in different regions, sometimes many centimeters apart, can be linked with each other and act in concert to form single conscious percepts [5]. But even basic questions such as why the cortex ...
Overlapping representation of primary tastes in a defined
... was performed by inserting and securing a small piece of PE tubing into the trachea. Mice were then placed in a custom stereotaxic apparatus. The skin overlying the dorsal skull was removed and a head bar was attached using dental cement. The head of the animal was then tilted 90 degrees to allow fo ...
... was performed by inserting and securing a small piece of PE tubing into the trachea. Mice were then placed in a custom stereotaxic apparatus. The skin overlying the dorsal skull was removed and a head bar was attached using dental cement. The head of the animal was then tilted 90 degrees to allow fo ...
Cell dispersion patterns in different cortical regions
... ferricyanide, and 5 mM potassium ferrocyanide. On the following day, sections were rinsed with buffer and photographed wet. Blue and white stripes in parasagittal and coronal sections were identified from defined locations (see below) and removed using a scalpel blade; each stripe consisted of all c ...
... ferricyanide, and 5 mM potassium ferrocyanide. On the following day, sections were rinsed with buffer and photographed wet. Blue and white stripes in parasagittal and coronal sections were identified from defined locations (see below) and removed using a scalpel blade; each stripe consisted of all c ...
gross anatomy - University of Utah
... which are defined in the Anatomic Pathology Notes booklet that you used in the laboratory. Therefore, we would like you to describe, in plain language, the appearance of the region or organ system you are writing about, and to describe how that appearance was different from normal anatomy. If the re ...
... which are defined in the Anatomic Pathology Notes booklet that you used in the laboratory. Therefore, we would like you to describe, in plain language, the appearance of the region or organ system you are writing about, and to describe how that appearance was different from normal anatomy. If the re ...
Connectivity of the human pedunculopontine nucleus region and
... of the principal direction of diffusion it is possible to reconstruct estimated fiber pathways.9,25,37 Conventional approaches to tract tracing, however, can typically only trace pathways in areas of high anisotropy—that is, within white matter bundles—where the estimate of fiber direction is more c ...
... of the principal direction of diffusion it is possible to reconstruct estimated fiber pathways.9,25,37 Conventional approaches to tract tracing, however, can typically only trace pathways in areas of high anisotropy—that is, within white matter bundles—where the estimate of fiber direction is more c ...
Vertical Organization of r=Aminobutyric Acid
... oriented chains of silver grains linked the injection sites with the resulting labeled cell clusters. In all areas, the labeling of cells in the horizontal dimension, i.e., on each side of an injection, was insignificant. Electron microscopic examination of labeled neurons confirms that the neurons ...
... oriented chains of silver grains linked the injection sites with the resulting labeled cell clusters. In all areas, the labeling of cells in the horizontal dimension, i.e., on each side of an injection, was insignificant. Electron microscopic examination of labeled neurons confirms that the neurons ...
Neuroanatomy
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sobo_1909_624.png?width=300)
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.