nervous system physiology 4
... degeneration of postjunctional folds. The most common target of these antibodies is a region of the AChR α subunit called MIR (main immunogenic region). -clinical: fatigue and weakness of skeletal muscle; severe cases - paralysis of the respiratory muscles death ...
... degeneration of postjunctional folds. The most common target of these antibodies is a region of the AChR α subunit called MIR (main immunogenic region). -clinical: fatigue and weakness of skeletal muscle; severe cases - paralysis of the respiratory muscles death ...
The effect of lithium on the adrenoceptor
... Adrenoceptors (ARs) are members of the family of 7-transmembrane-domain guanine nucleotide protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are a significant pharmacological target in clinical medicine. ARs have been classified into several specific subtypes on the basis of pharmacological distinctions. The AR ...
... Adrenoceptors (ARs) are members of the family of 7-transmembrane-domain guanine nucleotide protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are a significant pharmacological target in clinical medicine. ARs have been classified into several specific subtypes on the basis of pharmacological distinctions. The AR ...
Synapse Formation in the Absence of Cell Bodies Requires Protein
... of a portion of the major axons of L7 in control ( A) and anisomycin-treated ( D) cultures that are viewed in the epifluorescent images. SN neurites extend and varicosities form along the major processes of L7. B, C, Epifluorescent montage of SN neurites and varicosities interacting with the same re ...
... of a portion of the major axons of L7 in control ( A) and anisomycin-treated ( D) cultures that are viewed in the epifluorescent images. SN neurites extend and varicosities form along the major processes of L7. B, C, Epifluorescent montage of SN neurites and varicosities interacting with the same re ...
Loss of IP receptor function in neuropeptide Drosophila
... adult itpr mutants suggested a role for IP3 mediated calcium signaling in modulating ILP release and secretion. However, significant differences were observed between the phenotypes of itpr mutant animals rescued by expression of an itpr+ cDNA as compared with rescue by over-expression of Drosophila ...
... adult itpr mutants suggested a role for IP3 mediated calcium signaling in modulating ILP release and secretion. However, significant differences were observed between the phenotypes of itpr mutant animals rescued by expression of an itpr+ cDNA as compared with rescue by over-expression of Drosophila ...
Time representation in reinforcement learning models of
... This interpretation is generally consistent with the findings from studies of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), who have chronically low striatal dopamine levels. When off medication, these patients tend to underestimate the length of temporal intervals in verbal estimation tasks; dopaminergic ...
... This interpretation is generally consistent with the findings from studies of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), who have chronically low striatal dopamine levels. When off medication, these patients tend to underestimate the length of temporal intervals in verbal estimation tasks; dopaminergic ...
Psychological and Neuroscientific Connections with Reinforcement
... and psychological theories that were developed to explain observed behavior. I then describe neuroscience research aimed at discovering the brain mechanisms responsible for such behavior. Rather than attempt to provide an exhaustive review of animal learning and behavior and their underlying neural ...
... and psychological theories that were developed to explain observed behavior. I then describe neuroscience research aimed at discovering the brain mechanisms responsible for such behavior. Rather than attempt to provide an exhaustive review of animal learning and behavior and their underlying neural ...
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Directly Activates Noradrenergic
... LC neurons, but the effect was highly variable and difficult to quantify reliably over the prolonged periods of time necessary to obtain a full dose–response curve. The maximum average increase in the discharge rate was 1.5 ⫾ 0.9 Hz, which was achieved at an average dose of 325 ⫾ 207 nM (n ⫽ 4 neuro ...
... LC neurons, but the effect was highly variable and difficult to quantify reliably over the prolonged periods of time necessary to obtain a full dose–response curve. The maximum average increase in the discharge rate was 1.5 ⫾ 0.9 Hz, which was achieved at an average dose of 325 ⫾ 207 nM (n ⫽ 4 neuro ...
mTOR pathway – novel modulator of astrocyte activity.
... factors, energy factors and nutrient signaling. Abnormal activity of mTOR kinase can cause many neuropathologies, including brain tumours and neurodegenerative diseases. The study confirms that the use of a kinase inhibitor rapamycin, allows to limit proliferation including inhibition of tumor cel ...
... factors, energy factors and nutrient signaling. Abnormal activity of mTOR kinase can cause many neuropathologies, including brain tumours and neurodegenerative diseases. The study confirms that the use of a kinase inhibitor rapamycin, allows to limit proliferation including inhibition of tumor cel ...
Layer-Specific Markers as Probes for Neuron Type Identity in
... appropriate panels of markers, it is now possible to map cortical layers and areas with remarkable precision in mice (20, 40Y42). Eventually, it seems likely that molecular markers will be used to define all cortical neuron types, although that capability is still a distant goal. Many different fami ...
... appropriate panels of markers, it is now possible to map cortical layers and areas with remarkable precision in mice (20, 40Y42). Eventually, it seems likely that molecular markers will be used to define all cortical neuron types, although that capability is still a distant goal. Many different fami ...
Habit formation
... more rigid and consistent over the course of learning and practice. Several studies have characterized the neural correlates of this type of action automaticity in canonical habitpromoting brain regions, the DLS and IL cortex, and they find striking relationships to behavior and distinctions between ...
... more rigid and consistent over the course of learning and practice. Several studies have characterized the neural correlates of this type of action automaticity in canonical habitpromoting brain regions, the DLS and IL cortex, and they find striking relationships to behavior and distinctions between ...
The beginning of connectomics: a commentary on White
... When he first began to turn his attention to the nervous system, Brenner felt he needed to find a suitable experimental organism. Among current models, one popular, well-studied choice, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, had good genetics and interesting behaviour but seemed too complex as its n ...
... When he first began to turn his attention to the nervous system, Brenner felt he needed to find a suitable experimental organism. Among current models, one popular, well-studied choice, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, had good genetics and interesting behaviour but seemed too complex as its n ...
from ups
... squared distance Ž k coefficient. is highly variable from one axon to another Žrange 2100–27 500 mArmm2 , median 8850 mArmm2 .. Part of this variability is related to differences in conduction velocity. The theoretical number of axonal branches and axon initial segments activated by a given current ...
... squared distance Ž k coefficient. is highly variable from one axon to another Žrange 2100–27 500 mArmm2 , median 8850 mArmm2 .. Part of this variability is related to differences in conduction velocity. The theoretical number of axonal branches and axon initial segments activated by a given current ...
Document
... the toes will usually curl downward. When UMN inhibition is removed, the toes will curl upward (Dorsiflexion). This is referred to as a positive Babinski or presence of Babinski’s sign. ...
... the toes will usually curl downward. When UMN inhibition is removed, the toes will curl upward (Dorsiflexion). This is referred to as a positive Babinski or presence of Babinski’s sign. ...
An Optogenetic Approach to Understanding the Neural Circuits of Fear
... Figure 2. Strategies for opsin expression. (A) Opsins can be expressed using a transgenic approach in specific subpopulations of neurons with tissuespecific promoters such as the interneuron cell specific promoter parvalbumin (PV; circular cells are interneurons and triangles are pyramidal cells). I ...
... Figure 2. Strategies for opsin expression. (A) Opsins can be expressed using a transgenic approach in specific subpopulations of neurons with tissuespecific promoters such as the interneuron cell specific promoter parvalbumin (PV; circular cells are interneurons and triangles are pyramidal cells). I ...
Direct NMR Detection of Alkali Metal Ions Bound to G-
... Halle and co-workers demonstrated a magnetic relaxation dispersion (MRD) NMR approach to study competitive Rb+ and Na+ binding to the minor groove of a B-DNAduplex, [d(CGCGAATTCGCG)]2 Weak ion binding mean residence time for Rb+ = 0.2 μs for Na+ =10 ns to 100 μs Much shorter than those estimated f ...
... Halle and co-workers demonstrated a magnetic relaxation dispersion (MRD) NMR approach to study competitive Rb+ and Na+ binding to the minor groove of a B-DNAduplex, [d(CGCGAATTCGCG)]2 Weak ion binding mean residence time for Rb+ = 0.2 μs for Na+ =10 ns to 100 μs Much shorter than those estimated f ...
Hippocampus – Why is it studied so frequently?
... layer, contains small granule cells with axons which form the mossy fiber pathway in the overlaying molecular layer. The granule cell is the only cell type that gives axons to innervate the CA3 region of the hippocampus proprius. The contact of the dentate mossy fibers with the spines of pyramidal c ...
... layer, contains small granule cells with axons which form the mossy fiber pathway in the overlaying molecular layer. The granule cell is the only cell type that gives axons to innervate the CA3 region of the hippocampus proprius. The contact of the dentate mossy fibers with the spines of pyramidal c ...
Neurological Consequences
... In the absence of drugs, the human brain carefully coordinates the activity of the billions of neurons throughout the body. When the brain is exposed to external substances, such as opioids, the brain is overridden and functioning is altered. Typically, when a person does not chronically abuse opioi ...
... In the absence of drugs, the human brain carefully coordinates the activity of the billions of neurons throughout the body. When the brain is exposed to external substances, such as opioids, the brain is overridden and functioning is altered. Typically, when a person does not chronically abuse opioi ...
Original Article Female Rat Hippocampal Cell
... belong to a large family of G protein-coupled receptors and play an important physiological role (Piestrzeniewicz et al., 2006). Recent reports support the view that the hippocampus is also involved in addiction to opiates and other drugs. Some studies suggest that the hippocampus is important for r ...
... belong to a large family of G protein-coupled receptors and play an important physiological role (Piestrzeniewicz et al., 2006). Recent reports support the view that the hippocampus is also involved in addiction to opiates and other drugs. Some studies suggest that the hippocampus is important for r ...
Hypothalamic pathways linking energy balance and reproduction
... the central regulation of energy homeostasis based on the observation that insulin levels circulate in proportion to adipose tissue in most mammals (97). They demonstrated that intracerebroventricular insulin administration results in a dosedependent reduction in food intake and body weight. Followi ...
... the central regulation of energy homeostasis based on the observation that insulin levels circulate in proportion to adipose tissue in most mammals (97). They demonstrated that intracerebroventricular insulin administration results in a dosedependent reduction in food intake and body weight. Followi ...
The Matrix Protein Hikaru genki Localizes to Cholinergic Synaptic
... protein DLG accumulated abnormally in cholinergic postsynapses, and the synaptic distribution of acetylcholine receptor (AchR) subunits D␣6 and D␣7 significantly decreased. hig mutant flies consistently exhibited resistance to the AchR agonist spinosad, which causes lethality by specifically activat ...
... protein DLG accumulated abnormally in cholinergic postsynapses, and the synaptic distribution of acetylcholine receptor (AchR) subunits D␣6 and D␣7 significantly decreased. hig mutant flies consistently exhibited resistance to the AchR agonist spinosad, which causes lethality by specifically activat ...
Genetic Analysis of the Drosophila Ellipsoid Body
... areas or other brain regions. Golgi studies of Hanesch et al. (1989) describe the complex three-dimensional structure of the Drosophila cc as similar to that of Schistocerca (Williams, 1975). The cc displays a high degree of intrinsic, topographic order and participates with many functionally divers ...
... areas or other brain regions. Golgi studies of Hanesch et al. (1989) describe the complex three-dimensional structure of the Drosophila cc as similar to that of Schistocerca (Williams, 1975). The cc displays a high degree of intrinsic, topographic order and participates with many functionally divers ...
Interplay of environmental signals and progenitor diversity on fate
... Parvalbumin– and somatostatin-expressing interneurons are the two most abundant classes of cortical interneurons with non-overlapping molecular identities and relatively large cell bodies (>20µm; DeFelipe, 1993, 1997; Kawaguchi and Kondo, 2002). GABAergic interneurons expressing PV make up ∼40% of a ...
... Parvalbumin– and somatostatin-expressing interneurons are the two most abundant classes of cortical interneurons with non-overlapping molecular identities and relatively large cell bodies (>20µm; DeFelipe, 1993, 1997; Kawaguchi and Kondo, 2002). GABAergic interneurons expressing PV make up ∼40% of a ...
The role of sodium channels in neuropathic pain
... neurons, whereas most neuropathic ectopic firing is observed in large diameter A and A␦ fibres [27,53]. However, upregulation of Nav1.3 mRNA and protein also occurs in medium and large diameter neurons in several models of neuropathic pain [40,42,46]. This data strongly suggests that activity of Na ...
... neurons, whereas most neuropathic ectopic firing is observed in large diameter A and A␦ fibres [27,53]. However, upregulation of Nav1.3 mRNA and protein also occurs in medium and large diameter neurons in several models of neuropathic pain [40,42,46]. This data strongly suggests that activity of Na ...
Not all brains are created equal: The relevance of
... 2012;Cohen Kadosh, 2013;Krause and Cohen Kadosh, 2013). A multitude of studies include healthy participants, patients with behavioral and neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as brain damage or neurological conditions. The external modulation of cortical excitability aims to induce beneficial changes ...
... 2012;Cohen Kadosh, 2013;Krause and Cohen Kadosh, 2013). A multitude of studies include healthy participants, patients with behavioral and neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as brain damage or neurological conditions. The external modulation of cortical excitability aims to induce beneficial changes ...
Neuronal Migration
... cell movement; and (4) ‘braking’ when arriving at the correct position. Most of the molecules identified from genetic studies are intracellular molecules, including cytoskeleton-associated proteins important for the regulation of actin or microtubule organization. Studies of humans with genetic diso ...
... cell movement; and (4) ‘braking’ when arriving at the correct position. Most of the molecules identified from genetic studies are intracellular molecules, including cytoskeleton-associated proteins important for the regulation of actin or microtubule organization. Studies of humans with genetic diso ...
Molecular neuroscience
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject primarily pertains to a reductionist view of neuroscience, considering topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. As with molecular biology, molecular neuroscience is a relatively new field that is considerably dynamic.