Sympathetic Division (cont)
... with association areas important storage sites hippocampus + amygdaloid body — convert short–term memories to long–term memories amygdaloid body — relates memories to emotions nucleus basalis (near diencephalon) — some role in storage and retrieval The visual association area helps you remember what ...
... with association areas important storage sites hippocampus + amygdaloid body — convert short–term memories to long–term memories amygdaloid body — relates memories to emotions nucleus basalis (near diencephalon) — some role in storage and retrieval The visual association area helps you remember what ...
Neural Mechanisms of Addiction
... It therefore remains essential to relate findings in animals to clinical observations and to human biology. Early efforts with human brain imaging represent a promising step in this process. A great deal is known about the initial interactions of addictive drugs with the nervous system. For example, ...
... It therefore remains essential to relate findings in animals to clinical observations and to human biology. Early efforts with human brain imaging represent a promising step in this process. A great deal is known about the initial interactions of addictive drugs with the nervous system. For example, ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
... terminals to attenuate glutamate release (67, 135), while N/OFQ inhibits both excitatory and inhibitory transmission (135). Furthermore, synaptically released glutamate negatively regulates the presynaptic release of glutamate and GABA through group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) (2) ...
... terminals to attenuate glutamate release (67, 135), while N/OFQ inhibits both excitatory and inhibitory transmission (135). Furthermore, synaptically released glutamate negatively regulates the presynaptic release of glutamate and GABA through group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) (2) ...
Neurological mechanisms involved in orthodontic tooth movement
... Sutherland and Rall[12] established the second-messenger basis for hormone actions in 1958. The first messenger (a hormone or another stimulating agent) binds to a specific receptor on the ...
... Sutherland and Rall[12] established the second-messenger basis for hormone actions in 1958. The first messenger (a hormone or another stimulating agent) binds to a specific receptor on the ...
Neuronal activity (c-Fos) delineating interactions of the cerebral
... followed cortical activity, i.e., high in arousal state and low in sleep state. To determine if cortical activity is necessary for BG activity, we administered atropine to rats to induce a dissociative state resulting in slow-wave electroencephalography but hyperactive motor behaviors. Atropine bloc ...
... followed cortical activity, i.e., high in arousal state and low in sleep state. To determine if cortical activity is necessary for BG activity, we administered atropine to rats to induce a dissociative state resulting in slow-wave electroencephalography but hyperactive motor behaviors. Atropine bloc ...
The Distribution of Chandelier Cell Axon Terminals that Express the
... Chandelier cells represent a unique type of cortical GABAergic interneuron whose axon terminals (Ch-terminals) form synapses exclusively with the axon initial segments of pyramidal cells. In this study, we have used immunocytochemistry for the high-affinity plasma membrane transporter-1 (GAT-1) to a ...
... Chandelier cells represent a unique type of cortical GABAergic interneuron whose axon terminals (Ch-terminals) form synapses exclusively with the axon initial segments of pyramidal cells. In this study, we have used immunocytochemistry for the high-affinity plasma membrane transporter-1 (GAT-1) to a ...
Embryonic development of the Drosophila brain: formation of
... prospero-expressing ventral neurogenic regions. As neurogenesis proceeds, prospero-expressing cells extend from the brain to the ventral nerve cord, thus establishing cellular contiguity around the ingrowing foregut (Fig. 1F,I). This is where the circumesophageal connectives will form. Formation of ...
... prospero-expressing ventral neurogenic regions. As neurogenesis proceeds, prospero-expressing cells extend from the brain to the ventral nerve cord, thus establishing cellular contiguity around the ingrowing foregut (Fig. 1F,I). This is where the circumesophageal connectives will form. Formation of ...
The non-motor complications in Parkinson`s disease
... the akinetic symptomatology of PD without being associated with the nigral dopaminergic cell degeneration. The model made it possible to demonstrate that dopamine was involved in the movement process so that L-DOPA was developed [40]. So far, epidemiological studies have suggested an association bet ...
... the akinetic symptomatology of PD without being associated with the nigral dopaminergic cell degeneration. The model made it possible to demonstrate that dopamine was involved in the movement process so that L-DOPA was developed [40]. So far, epidemiological studies have suggested an association bet ...
Odorant-induced Oscillations in the Mushroom Bodies of
... on the mushroom bodies have been carried out in the context of olfactory processing and learning, for the mushroom bodies are the main target neuropil of olfactory projection interneurons that originate in the glomerular antenna1 lobes (Christensen and Hildebrand, 1987; Masson and Mustaparta, 1990). ...
... on the mushroom bodies have been carried out in the context of olfactory processing and learning, for the mushroom bodies are the main target neuropil of olfactory projection interneurons that originate in the glomerular antenna1 lobes (Christensen and Hildebrand, 1987; Masson and Mustaparta, 1990). ...
Dopamine is produced in the rat spinal cord and regulates
... neurons and the pontine micturition center. Here we show that DA is produced in the rat spinal cord and modulates the bladder reflex. We observed numerous tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+ neurons in the autonomic nuclei and superficial dorsal horn in L6–S3 spinal segments. These neurons are dopamine-β-hydro ...
... neurons and the pontine micturition center. Here we show that DA is produced in the rat spinal cord and modulates the bladder reflex. We observed numerous tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+ neurons in the autonomic nuclei and superficial dorsal horn in L6–S3 spinal segments. These neurons are dopamine-β-hydro ...
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-like Molecules in the Retina
... to three days later the animal was reanesthetized and perfused with fixative. The tectum was then serially sectioned, with the plane of the sections being as close as possible to coronal. Each section was then split in the midsagittal plane, and each right half-section was set aside. The left half-s ...
... to three days later the animal was reanesthetized and perfused with fixative. The tectum was then serially sectioned, with the plane of the sections being as close as possible to coronal. Each section was then split in the midsagittal plane, and each right half-section was set aside. The left half-s ...
Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging: Technique review and Models
... representation or processing remains unresolved. Indeed, in vitro studies have shown increasing evidence for an active role of astrocytes in brain function. However, little is known about the behavior of astrocytes in vivo. When interpreting the VSD signal, we face two conflicting viewpoints. Konner ...
... representation or processing remains unresolved. Indeed, in vitro studies have shown increasing evidence for an active role of astrocytes in brain function. However, little is known about the behavior of astrocytes in vivo. When interpreting the VSD signal, we face two conflicting viewpoints. Konner ...
Does salt addiction exist?
... addictions. The activity of OFC has been implicated in impulsivity and the pathology of obsessive-compulsive disorder.27-30 Many authors are now using the term “food addiction”31-33 because of the similarity of this response and the mechanisms stimulated by drugs of abuse such as amphetamines and co ...
... addictions. The activity of OFC has been implicated in impulsivity and the pathology of obsessive-compulsive disorder.27-30 Many authors are now using the term “food addiction”31-33 because of the similarity of this response and the mechanisms stimulated by drugs of abuse such as amphetamines and co ...
The Beautiful Brain - Weisman Art Museum
... continuous network that others had seen was actually made up of discrete cells that were separated by gaps, called synapses. With the advent of the electron microscope in the 1950s, which magnified images to a much greater extent than the light microscopes used by Cajal, the Neuron Doctrine was conc ...
... continuous network that others had seen was actually made up of discrete cells that were separated by gaps, called synapses. With the advent of the electron microscope in the 1950s, which magnified images to a much greater extent than the light microscopes used by Cajal, the Neuron Doctrine was conc ...
Dendrites as separate compartment – local protein synthesis
... Dendritic protein synthesis 307 (1982) reported a presence of synapse-associated polyribosomal complexes (SPRCs) in hippocampal pyramidal and granular neurons. SPRCs are polyribosomes connected with endoplasmatic reticulum cisterns that are selectively and precisely localized beneath postsynaptic s ...
... Dendritic protein synthesis 307 (1982) reported a presence of synapse-associated polyribosomal complexes (SPRCs) in hippocampal pyramidal and granular neurons. SPRCs are polyribosomes connected with endoplasmatic reticulum cisterns that are selectively and precisely localized beneath postsynaptic s ...
Excitatory Cerebellar Nucleocortical Circuit Provides Internal
... et al., 2015; Rancz et al., 2007; Ritzau-Jost et al., 2014; Saviane and Silver, 2006). To identify the cortical neurons that receive direct nucleocortical MF input from IpN, we drove action potential firing specifically in the ChR2-expressing MF rosettes using optogenetics. Individual action potenti ...
... et al., 2015; Rancz et al., 2007; Ritzau-Jost et al., 2014; Saviane and Silver, 2006). To identify the cortical neurons that receive direct nucleocortical MF input from IpN, we drove action potential firing specifically in the ChR2-expressing MF rosettes using optogenetics. Individual action potenti ...
Ultrastructural Characterization of Gerbil Olivocochlear Neurons
... acid (D-ASP) and wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA/ HRP) from the cochlear perilymph. While both populations are capable of uptake and retrograde uptake of WGAIHRP, one population accumulates and retrogradely transports D-ASP (D-ASP OC neurons) and the other does not (non-DA ...
... acid (D-ASP) and wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA/ HRP) from the cochlear perilymph. While both populations are capable of uptake and retrograde uptake of WGAIHRP, one population accumulates and retrogradely transports D-ASP (D-ASP OC neurons) and the other does not (non-DA ...
Communication as an emergent metaphor for neuronal operation
... realised that the brain operates rather like an open system. And due to the ever changing conditions a system with extensive connectivity between areas and no fixed input and output. The above taxonomy resembles a similar distinction between algorithmic and interactive systems in computer science, t ...
... realised that the brain operates rather like an open system. And due to the ever changing conditions a system with extensive connectivity between areas and no fixed input and output. The above taxonomy resembles a similar distinction between algorithmic and interactive systems in computer science, t ...
MSH-induced inhibition of oxytocin cells
... train during the identified periods. To assess changes in responses, the same poststimulus periods were used to quantify response amplitudes as those identified in control PSTHs. For the experiment with intracerebroventricular injection of ␣-MSH, firing rate in 30-s bins in the 5 min before injectio ...
... train during the identified periods. To assess changes in responses, the same poststimulus periods were used to quantify response amplitudes as those identified in control PSTHs. For the experiment with intracerebroventricular injection of ␣-MSH, firing rate in 30-s bins in the 5 min before injectio ...
Sensation - Macmillan Learning
... 14. A sound that comes from directly ahead will be (easier/harder) to locate than a sound that comes from off to one side. 15. As with visual information, the brain uses as specialized neural teams work on different auditory tasks simultaneously. ...
... 14. A sound that comes from directly ahead will be (easier/harder) to locate than a sound that comes from off to one side. 15. As with visual information, the brain uses as specialized neural teams work on different auditory tasks simultaneously. ...
Glia Engulf Degenerating Axons during Developmental Axon Pruning
... with Axon Pruning MVBs and MLBs are typically thought to be associated with the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, which plays an important role in degradation of engulfed proteins and cellular debris (reviewed in [22, 23]). Specifically, studies of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in Drosophila have impli ...
... with Axon Pruning MVBs and MLBs are typically thought to be associated with the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, which plays an important role in degradation of engulfed proteins and cellular debris (reviewed in [22, 23]). Specifically, studies of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in Drosophila have impli ...
revised Protein and polypeptide hormones
... Hormones of Hypothalamic Origin The hypothalamus, which is a relatively small organ that is located in the brain and responsible for thermoregulation, among other functions, is the secretory source of a number of peptide hormones that are transported to the pituitary gland situated immediately below ...
... Hormones of Hypothalamic Origin The hypothalamus, which is a relatively small organ that is located in the brain and responsible for thermoregulation, among other functions, is the secretory source of a number of peptide hormones that are transported to the pituitary gland situated immediately below ...
Neurochemical excitation of propriospinal neurons facilitates
... contact edges with petroleum jelly. Barriers were placed such that spinal neurons in the interlesion zone (T3 through T9 inclusive) could be selectively exposed to neurochemicals. As noted in RESULTS, intact spinal cords were used in some experiments, with barriers placed at C1 and T8/T9 for applica ...
... contact edges with petroleum jelly. Barriers were placed such that spinal neurons in the interlesion zone (T3 through T9 inclusive) could be selectively exposed to neurochemicals. As noted in RESULTS, intact spinal cords were used in some experiments, with barriers placed at C1 and T8/T9 for applica ...
Human Anatomy, First Edition McKinley&O'Loughlin
... ANS helps maintain homeostasis through the involuntary activity of autonomic reflexes or visceral reflexes. Consist of smooth muscle contractions, cardiac muscle contractions, or secretion by glands that are mediated by autonomic reflex arcs in response to a specific stimulus. Example: micturition ...
... ANS helps maintain homeostasis through the involuntary activity of autonomic reflexes or visceral reflexes. Consist of smooth muscle contractions, cardiac muscle contractions, or secretion by glands that are mediated by autonomic reflex arcs in response to a specific stimulus. Example: micturition ...
Molecular neuroscience
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject primarily pertains to a reductionist view of neuroscience, considering topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. As with molecular biology, molecular neuroscience is a relatively new field that is considerably dynamic.