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... several cellular processes, including proteasome dysfunction, alterations in PrP maturation pathway and the unfolded protein response (see below). On the other hand, some studies suggest that PrPSc is not neurotoxic per se, since neurodegeneration is not always associated with the presence of PrPSc ...
... several cellular processes, including proteasome dysfunction, alterations in PrP maturation pathway and the unfolded protein response (see below). On the other hand, some studies suggest that PrPSc is not neurotoxic per se, since neurodegeneration is not always associated with the presence of PrPSc ...
The Dialectics of Hebb and Homeostasis within
... that allow different aspects of activity to be sensed and translated into synaptic modifications, and are likely to subserve distinct functions within neural circuits. Put another way, one could argue that if the response to a perturbation in activity is not a global scaling of synapses, then one is ...
... that allow different aspects of activity to be sensed and translated into synaptic modifications, and are likely to subserve distinct functions within neural circuits. Put another way, one could argue that if the response to a perturbation in activity is not a global scaling of synapses, then one is ...
Clonal analysis of the mushroom bodies
... previous proposal (Crittenden et al., 1998). The γ lobe is outlined in red, the α′ and β′ lobes are outlined in green, and the α and β lobes are outlined in blue. (C) Schematic drawing shows the essence of the MARCM system. Mitotic recombination between two FRT sites (triangles) results in loss of t ...
... previous proposal (Crittenden et al., 1998). The γ lobe is outlined in red, the α′ and β′ lobes are outlined in green, and the α and β lobes are outlined in blue. (C) Schematic drawing shows the essence of the MARCM system. Mitotic recombination between two FRT sites (triangles) results in loss of t ...
Saccade-Related Spread of Activity Across
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
Saccade-Related Spread of Activity Across Superior Colliculus May
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
Neurobiology of ADHD Gail Tripp , Review
... 2007). Without diminishing the importance of genetic factors, environmental factors have also been identified that increase the risk for ADHD (Banerjee et al., 2007), such as exposure to lead or PCBs during early childhood, though their effects are not specific to ADHD (Williams and Ross, 2007). Recen ...
... 2007). Without diminishing the importance of genetic factors, environmental factors have also been identified that increase the risk for ADHD (Banerjee et al., 2007), such as exposure to lead or PCBs during early childhood, though their effects are not specific to ADHD (Williams and Ross, 2007). Recen ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... a) a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse Correct. Neurotransmitters are chemicals. b) any one of a number of chemical compounds that increase the activity of the endocrine system c) the chemical substance found in the cell membrane Incorrect. The neurotransmitt ...
... a) a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse Correct. Neurotransmitters are chemicals. b) any one of a number of chemical compounds that increase the activity of the endocrine system c) the chemical substance found in the cell membrane Incorrect. The neurotransmitt ...
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
... brasiliense experienced nitrogen-limiting conditions when grown in the malate-glutamate medium. In liquid microaerobic cultures without glutamate (N2fixing conditions), GDH, GOT, GTP, or all three were also much more active in A. lipoferum and A. amazonense than in A. brasiliense (data not shown). D ...
... brasiliense experienced nitrogen-limiting conditions when grown in the malate-glutamate medium. In liquid microaerobic cultures without glutamate (N2fixing conditions), GDH, GOT, GTP, or all three were also much more active in A. lipoferum and A. amazonense than in A. brasiliense (data not shown). D ...
Computing with Spiking Neuron Networks
... although the underlying mechanisms are not yet understood well. ...
... although the underlying mechanisms are not yet understood well. ...
CHAPTER 3 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
... The synapse is the small space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron. Neurons communicate with one another through the activities at the synapse. When the nerve impulse in one neuron reaches the synapse, chemicals are released from the end of the axon. ...
... The synapse is the small space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron. Neurons communicate with one another through the activities at the synapse. When the nerve impulse in one neuron reaches the synapse, chemicals are released from the end of the axon. ...
Applauding with Closed Hands: Neural Signature of Action
... subjects were presented with sentences encoding an action involving an upper limb movement either towards or away from the subject (e.g., sentence encoding movement away from the subject: you give Liz the toy). They controlled the movement required for the response to the sensibility-judgment task. ...
... subjects were presented with sentences encoding an action involving an upper limb movement either towards or away from the subject (e.g., sentence encoding movement away from the subject: you give Liz the toy). They controlled the movement required for the response to the sensibility-judgment task. ...
Plasticity-related genes in brain development and amygdala
... Figure 1: Intracellular signaling pathways linking BDNF, ERK, and CREB. For a detailed description of the signaling pathways linking these molecules, see text. BDNF from paracrine sources including afferent axon terminals and dendrites in target tissue, as well as autocrine pools, binds to TrkB rece ...
... Figure 1: Intracellular signaling pathways linking BDNF, ERK, and CREB. For a detailed description of the signaling pathways linking these molecules, see text. BDNF from paracrine sources including afferent axon terminals and dendrites in target tissue, as well as autocrine pools, binds to TrkB rece ...
Implantable microcoils for intracortical magnetic
... factors underlying this loss in performance are not fully known, implantation into the cortex is known to induce a foreign body response that can include inflammation as well as other adverse biological reactions. The formation of glial scarring around individual electrodes (11, 12) can alter or eve ...
... factors underlying this loss in performance are not fully known, implantation into the cortex is known to induce a foreign body response that can include inflammation as well as other adverse biological reactions. The formation of glial scarring around individual electrodes (11, 12) can alter or eve ...
Neuronal Correlates for Preparatory Set Associated with Pro
... Schmolesky et al., 1998). For comparing stimulus-related responses, we determined the mean activity in the interval 65 msec around the peak of neuronal activation in a time window from 70 to 140 msec after stimulus appearance, and the prestimulus activation in the interval 40 –50 msec after stimulus ...
... Schmolesky et al., 1998). For comparing stimulus-related responses, we determined the mean activity in the interval 65 msec around the peak of neuronal activation in a time window from 70 to 140 msec after stimulus appearance, and the prestimulus activation in the interval 40 –50 msec after stimulus ...
Heterotopic Transcallosal Projections Are Present throughout the
... the organization of transcallosal connections in different functional regions of the mouse cortex including the primary motor and somatosensory cortices. Such a systematic analysis of inter-hemispheric connectivity is important as defects in those projections—either innate or due to injury—can lead ...
... the organization of transcallosal connections in different functional regions of the mouse cortex including the primary motor and somatosensory cortices. Such a systematic analysis of inter-hemispheric connectivity is important as defects in those projections—either innate or due to injury—can lead ...
Proprioceptive Information from the Pinna Provides
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
PDF
... stimulus is applied before, or coincident with, a prepared voluntary action (Valls-Solé et al., 1999; MacKinnon et al., 2007; Ravichandran et al., 2013). When an action has been prepared, the pattern of muscle activity evoked by a loud auditory stimulus closely resembles that of the prepared movemen ...
... stimulus is applied before, or coincident with, a prepared voluntary action (Valls-Solé et al., 1999; MacKinnon et al., 2007; Ravichandran et al., 2013). When an action has been prepared, the pattern of muscle activity evoked by a loud auditory stimulus closely resembles that of the prepared movemen ...
Life: The Science of Biology, 8e
... Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms? Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex characterize stages of sleep ...
... Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms? Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex characterize stages of sleep ...
Reinforcement learning, conditioning, and the brain
... response (S–R) associations. Given a situation or stimulus S, the animal tries a response R. If the outcome is positive, the connection between S and R is strengthened; if the outcome is negative, the connection is weakened. In this way, the advantageous response or responses for each situation beco ...
... response (S–R) associations. Given a situation or stimulus S, the animal tries a response R. If the outcome is positive, the connection between S and R is strengthened; if the outcome is negative, the connection is weakened. In this way, the advantageous response or responses for each situation beco ...
Brain asymmetry is encoded at the level of axon terminal morphology
... they develop are poorly described. Results: In this study, we use focal electroporation to examine the morphology and connectivity of individual neurons of the lateralized habenular nuclei. Habenular projection neurons on both sides of the brain share a stereotypical unipolar morphology and elaborat ...
... they develop are poorly described. Results: In this study, we use focal electroporation to examine the morphology and connectivity of individual neurons of the lateralized habenular nuclei. Habenular projection neurons on both sides of the brain share a stereotypical unipolar morphology and elaborat ...
Somatostatin-Expressing Inhibitory Interneurons in Cortical Circuits
... Cortical inhibitory neurons exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, connectivity, and synaptic properties. Here, we review the function of somatostatin-expressing (SOM) inhibitory interneurons, focusing largely on sensory cortex. SOM neurons also comprise a number of subpopulations that ca ...
... Cortical inhibitory neurons exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, connectivity, and synaptic properties. Here, we review the function of somatostatin-expressing (SOM) inhibitory interneurons, focusing largely on sensory cortex. SOM neurons also comprise a number of subpopulations that ca ...
Image-based Screening Identifies Novel Roles for I B Kinase and
... DRG Neuron Culture—Pregnant female mice at 12 days postcoitus (Charles River Laboratories) were anesthetized prior to cervical dislocation. The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were isolated from embryos in DMEM (Sigma), dissociated by incubation in 0.25% trypsin, and resuspended (100 l/embryo) in complet ...
... DRG Neuron Culture—Pregnant female mice at 12 days postcoitus (Charles River Laboratories) were anesthetized prior to cervical dislocation. The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were isolated from embryos in DMEM (Sigma), dissociated by incubation in 0.25% trypsin, and resuspended (100 l/embryo) in complet ...
Electrolytic lesion of globus pallidus ameliorates the behavioral and
... 0006-8993r98r$19.00 q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII S 0 0 0 6 - 8 9 9 3 Ž 9 7 . 0 1 4 2 8 - 5 ...
... 0006-8993r98r$19.00 q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII S 0 0 0 6 - 8 9 9 3 Ž 9 7 . 0 1 4 2 8 - 5 ...
Fig. 1
... when medium was changed to neuronal medium from plating medium (0 h) or 3, 6 or 24 h later (Fig. 2A,B). Neurons were then kept till 3 DIV and stained with axonal (tau-1) and somatodendritic (MAP2) markers. First, we quantified the number of tau-1 positive axons per neuron (Fig. 2D). As expected, most ...
... when medium was changed to neuronal medium from plating medium (0 h) or 3, 6 or 24 h later (Fig. 2A,B). Neurons were then kept till 3 DIV and stained with axonal (tau-1) and somatodendritic (MAP2) markers. First, we quantified the number of tau-1 positive axons per neuron (Fig. 2D). As expected, most ...
Molecular neuroscience
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject primarily pertains to a reductionist view of neuroscience, considering topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. As with molecular biology, molecular neuroscience is a relatively new field that is considerably dynamic.