Invulnerability of retinal ganglion cells to NMDA excitotoxicity
... AM/ethidium homodimer-1 live/dead assay as well as by visualizing cellular and nuclear morphology under Nomarski differential interference contrast (DIC) optics and DAPI fluorescence (Figs. 3A – F; see Experimental methods). Surprisingly, RGCs were not killed by glutamate or its agonists including N ...
... AM/ethidium homodimer-1 live/dead assay as well as by visualizing cellular and nuclear morphology under Nomarski differential interference contrast (DIC) optics and DAPI fluorescence (Figs. 3A – F; see Experimental methods). Surprisingly, RGCs were not killed by glutamate or its agonists including N ...
Muddashetty RS, Nalavadi VC, Gross C, Yao X, Xing L, Laur O, Warren ST, and Bassell GJ. Reversible Inhibition of PSD-95 mRNA Translation by miR-125a, FMRP Phosphorylation, and mGluR Signaling. Molecular Cell 42: 673-688 (June 2011).
... complexes onto specific mRNAs are unknown. A major advance in our understanding of the regulation of miRNA-mediated translation has been the evidence of reversibility in cultured dividing cells deprived of serum. The interaction of mRNA-binding proteins with cis-acting elements can affect miRNA acti ...
... complexes onto specific mRNAs are unknown. A major advance in our understanding of the regulation of miRNA-mediated translation has been the evidence of reversibility in cultured dividing cells deprived of serum. The interaction of mRNA-binding proteins with cis-acting elements can affect miRNA acti ...
Modelling Binocular Neurons in the Primary Visual Cortex
... ring rate could encode positive and negative values by responding either more or less than the maintained rate. But simple cells have very little maintained discharge. Instead, positive and negative values may be encoded by two neurons, one responsible for the positive part and one for the negative ...
... ring rate could encode positive and negative values by responding either more or less than the maintained rate. But simple cells have very little maintained discharge. Instead, positive and negative values may be encoded by two neurons, one responsible for the positive part and one for the negative ...
Article
... Neuronal voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are involved in electrical signalling and in converting these signals into cytoplasmic calcium changes. One important function of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels is generating regenerative dendritic Ca2+ spikes. However, the Ca2+ dependent mechanisms used to create t ...
... Neuronal voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are involved in electrical signalling and in converting these signals into cytoplasmic calcium changes. One important function of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels is generating regenerative dendritic Ca2+ spikes. However, the Ca2+ dependent mechanisms used to create t ...
Excitation of Rat Locus Coeruleus Neurons by Adenosine 5
... varicose terminals of the noradrenergic cells as they ramify in their several targets, but also from the soma-dendritic region (Egan et al., 1983). Here it acts at a,-adrenoceptors to hyperpolarize the cell and inhibit firing; its effect is detected electrophysiologically as an IPSP (Egan et al., 19 ...
... varicose terminals of the noradrenergic cells as they ramify in their several targets, but also from the soma-dendritic region (Egan et al., 1983). Here it acts at a,-adrenoceptors to hyperpolarize the cell and inhibit firing; its effect is detected electrophysiologically as an IPSP (Egan et al., 19 ...
Thesis - HuVetA
... detectable in hypothalamic functions, with special regard to the regulation of GnRH-release (but also including a number of other hypothalamus-driven mechanisms, e.g., the foodintake, etc.). Synapse generation and neuronal functions, especially neurotransmission, are highly energy dependent (Laughli ...
... detectable in hypothalamic functions, with special regard to the regulation of GnRH-release (but also including a number of other hypothalamus-driven mechanisms, e.g., the foodintake, etc.). Synapse generation and neuronal functions, especially neurotransmission, are highly energy dependent (Laughli ...
Cyclic Voltammetry and the Detection of Neurotransmitters
... – Deficts in dopamine levels cause Parkinson Disease ...
... – Deficts in dopamine levels cause Parkinson Disease ...
Olfactory Learning in Drosophila: Learning from Models
... [7] and Solomon [8] provides a basis to understand the change from a conditioned avoidance to conditioned approach. In this theory an unconditioned stimulus changes an organism’s state from neutral to an evoked state A. After offset of the stimulus, the state variable does not simply decay back to t ...
... [7] and Solomon [8] provides a basis to understand the change from a conditioned avoidance to conditioned approach. In this theory an unconditioned stimulus changes an organism’s state from neutral to an evoked state A. After offset of the stimulus, the state variable does not simply decay back to t ...
Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization
... extend secondary dendrites mostly to one side of the primary dendrite; these neurons remodel their dendrites during metamorphosis to adopt more symmetrical and complex patterns in the adult fly 34. This raises fascinating questions concerning reprogramming the control of dendritic arborization. CUT ...
... extend secondary dendrites mostly to one side of the primary dendrite; these neurons remodel their dendrites during metamorphosis to adopt more symmetrical and complex patterns in the adult fly 34. This raises fascinating questions concerning reprogramming the control of dendritic arborization. CUT ...
Regulation of the Intermediate Filament Protein Nestin at Rodent
... Nestin is a large, 200 kDa, IF protein originally identified by the rat 401 antibody (Hockfield and McKay, 1985; Lendahl et al., 1990). Nestin has been shown to be expressed in a wide variety of cells, including cells in the proliferative zone of the rat neural tube (Hockfield and McKay, 1985), radi ...
... Nestin is a large, 200 kDa, IF protein originally identified by the rat 401 antibody (Hockfield and McKay, 1985; Lendahl et al., 1990). Nestin has been shown to be expressed in a wide variety of cells, including cells in the proliferative zone of the rat neural tube (Hockfield and McKay, 1985), radi ...
Neuromodulation of Transduction and Signal
... within 10's of ms. The action of a neurotransmitter consequently is phasic or pulsatile. Neurotransmitters elicit a direct effect on the post-synaptic membrane conductance. Under most conditions, neurotransmitters produce postsynaptic potentials and transmembrane currents in the target cell. (If the ...
... within 10's of ms. The action of a neurotransmitter consequently is phasic or pulsatile. Neurotransmitters elicit a direct effect on the post-synaptic membrane conductance. Under most conditions, neurotransmitters produce postsynaptic potentials and transmembrane currents in the target cell. (If the ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates peripheral satiety signals and relays this signal to central feeding centers, little is known about which NTS neurons a ...
... The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates peripheral satiety signals and relays this signal to central feeding centers, little is known about which NTS neurons a ...
Cholinergic Cells and Pathways
... exhibited “intense,” “moderate,” or “light” staining, including several components of the limbic system, several midbrain and medullary sites, several hypothalamic sites, basal ganglia, and reticular formation, but, surprisingly, he did not refer to ventral horn, although he found some staining in t ...
... exhibited “intense,” “moderate,” or “light” staining, including several components of the limbic system, several midbrain and medullary sites, several hypothalamic sites, basal ganglia, and reticular formation, but, surprisingly, he did not refer to ventral horn, although he found some staining in t ...
Dynamics of Tubulovesicular Recycling Endosomes in Hippocampal
... Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5428 ...
... Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5428 ...
Expression Profiles of High Voltage
... neurons of the MPG. Of the total Ca2⫹ currents, -conotoxin GVIA-sensitive N-type (␣1B) currents constituted 57 ⫾ 5% (n ⫽ 9) and 60 ⫾ 3% (n ⫽ 6), respectively; nimodipine-sensitive L-type (␣1C and ␣1D) currents made up 17 ⫾ 4% and 14 ⫾ 2%, respectively; and nimodipine-resistant and -conotoxin GVIAr ...
... neurons of the MPG. Of the total Ca2⫹ currents, -conotoxin GVIA-sensitive N-type (␣1B) currents constituted 57 ⫾ 5% (n ⫽ 9) and 60 ⫾ 3% (n ⫽ 6), respectively; nimodipine-sensitive L-type (␣1C and ␣1D) currents made up 17 ⫾ 4% and 14 ⫾ 2%, respectively; and nimodipine-resistant and -conotoxin GVIAr ...
Self-amplifying autocrine actions of BDNF in axon development Pei-Lin Cheng , Ai-Hong Song
... structure, consisting of a single long axon and many short and highly branched dendrites. This polarized structure is essential for two primary neuronal functions: the reception and integration of synaptic inputs at the dendrite, and the conduction and delivery of output signals to other cells via t ...
... structure, consisting of a single long axon and many short and highly branched dendrites. This polarized structure is essential for two primary neuronal functions: the reception and integration of synaptic inputs at the dendrite, and the conduction and delivery of output signals to other cells via t ...
A novel role for microglia in minimizing excitotoxicity | BMC Biology
... can limit excitotoxicity, an important insight for understanding mechanisms that limit neuron death in CNS disease. Commentary Constituting as many as 10% of cells in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are a subset of glial cells whose function is a longstanding mystery. Unlike other glial ...
... can limit excitotoxicity, an important insight for understanding mechanisms that limit neuron death in CNS disease. Commentary Constituting as many as 10% of cells in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are a subset of glial cells whose function is a longstanding mystery. Unlike other glial ...
ICoMST-Abstract_YUFU
... The homology assessment data from the BLAST analysis of two collagen sequences are displayed in Table 1; the “identities” serves as the proportion of matched amino acids in the entire length of the aligned sequences; i.e. the larger the identities, the more homology; the “positives” stands for the v ...
... The homology assessment data from the BLAST analysis of two collagen sequences are displayed in Table 1; the “identities” serves as the proportion of matched amino acids in the entire length of the aligned sequences; i.e. the larger the identities, the more homology; the “positives” stands for the v ...
The Ultrastructure of Megakaryocytes and Blood
... intermediate zone they followed the convaginations. The perinuclear zone consisted of a nar- tour of the nucleus (fig. 3). The round to ellipsoid mitochondria row region of cytoplasm immediately surrounding the nucleus which was quite dif- were small, ranging from 0.15 to 0.3 in ferent from the rest ...
... intermediate zone they followed the convaginations. The perinuclear zone consisted of a nar- tour of the nucleus (fig. 3). The round to ellipsoid mitochondria row region of cytoplasm immediately surrounding the nucleus which was quite dif- were small, ranging from 0.15 to 0.3 in ferent from the rest ...
Excitatory Mechanisms in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: The Role of
... The SCN receives photic information directly through a monosynaptic projection from the retina known as the retinal hypothalamic tract (RHT) as well as through an indirect connection from the intergeniculate leaflet (Ibata et al. 1999; Moore 1996; Morin 1994). The RHT appears to be necessary and suf ...
... The SCN receives photic information directly through a monosynaptic projection from the retina known as the retinal hypothalamic tract (RHT) as well as through an indirect connection from the intergeniculate leaflet (Ibata et al. 1999; Moore 1996; Morin 1994). The RHT appears to be necessary and suf ...
Two-Tiered Inhibition of Axon Regeneration at the Dorsal Root Entry
... One possibility for the abortive ingrowth after delayed treatment is that rhizotomy plus NT-3 failed to induce an appropriate cell body response in DRG neurons whose axons have already reached the entry zone. Cai et al. (1999) have shown that previous exposure of DRG neurons to MAG prevents neurotro ...
... One possibility for the abortive ingrowth after delayed treatment is that rhizotomy plus NT-3 failed to induce an appropriate cell body response in DRG neurons whose axons have already reached the entry zone. Cai et al. (1999) have shown that previous exposure of DRG neurons to MAG prevents neurotro ...
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.