Might the olfactory bulb be an origin of olfactory auras in focal
... Olfactory auras or phantosmia are false perceptions of odours, usually unpleasant and unprovoked by ambient surroundings. They are epileptic phenomena associated with focal complex seizures of mesial temporal lobe origin. They occur as isolated phenomena, usually lasting seconds or a few minutes, or ...
... Olfactory auras or phantosmia are false perceptions of odours, usually unpleasant and unprovoked by ambient surroundings. They are epileptic phenomena associated with focal complex seizures of mesial temporal lobe origin. They occur as isolated phenomena, usually lasting seconds or a few minutes, or ...
Homologous Neurons and their Locomotor Functions in Nudibranch
... Smith 1994). It is hypothesized that one of the reasons for this conservation may be the fact that many neural networks are multifunctional, and therefore alterations to one neural element or circuit will have deleterious repercussions on other circuit functions (Nishikawa et al., 1992; Tierney, 199 ...
... Smith 1994). It is hypothesized that one of the reasons for this conservation may be the fact that many neural networks are multifunctional, and therefore alterations to one neural element or circuit will have deleterious repercussions on other circuit functions (Nishikawa et al., 1992; Tierney, 199 ...
1-Michelle_Stone_thesis
... single axon that sends signals to other neurons or muscle cells, and multiple dendrites that receive signals from other neurons. Because of this intrinsic polarity, different proteins and organelles must ...
... single axon that sends signals to other neurons or muscle cells, and multiple dendrites that receive signals from other neurons. Because of this intrinsic polarity, different proteins and organelles must ...
Modeling the Mechanics of Cell Division: Influence of
... and surface tension. The turgor of the vesicle is maintained under a positive difference of osmotic pressure between the inside cell and the outside extracellular milieu, which represents hypotonic conditions. Flaccid configurations are defined, in general by iso-, hypertonic conditions characterize ...
... and surface tension. The turgor of the vesicle is maintained under a positive difference of osmotic pressure between the inside cell and the outside extracellular milieu, which represents hypotonic conditions. Flaccid configurations are defined, in general by iso-, hypertonic conditions characterize ...
Nerve growth factor and nociception: from
... Nerve growth factor (NGF) is central to the development and functional regulation of sensory neurons that signal the first events that lead to pain. These sensory neurons, called nociceptors, require NGF in the early embryo to survive and also for their functional maturation. The long road from the ...
... Nerve growth factor (NGF) is central to the development and functional regulation of sensory neurons that signal the first events that lead to pain. These sensory neurons, called nociceptors, require NGF in the early embryo to survive and also for their functional maturation. The long road from the ...
Taste bud - Science Mission
... • Tastant (taste-provoking chemical) • Binding of tastant with receptor cell alters cell’s ionic channels to produce depolarizing receptor potential • Receptor potential initiates action potentials within terminal endings of afferent nerve fibers with which receptor cell synapses • Terminal afferent ...
... • Tastant (taste-provoking chemical) • Binding of tastant with receptor cell alters cell’s ionic channels to produce depolarizing receptor potential • Receptor potential initiates action potentials within terminal endings of afferent nerve fibers with which receptor cell synapses • Terminal afferent ...
Role of the Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia
... The basal ganglia (BG) play an important role in motor control, reinforcement learning, and perceptual decision making. Modeling and experimental evidence suggest that, in a speed–accuracy tradeoff, the corticostriatal pathway can adaptively adjust a decision threshold (the amount of information nee ...
... The basal ganglia (BG) play an important role in motor control, reinforcement learning, and perceptual decision making. Modeling and experimental evidence suggest that, in a speed–accuracy tradeoff, the corticostriatal pathway can adaptively adjust a decision threshold (the amount of information nee ...
Implication of novel neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of
... microscopic features of GnRH neurons (8, 14, 15). It is worth of note that the immunocytochemical visualization of GnRH-immunoreactivity limits the microscopic analysis to the cell body, proximal dendrites, and nerve terminals of GnRH cells, which contain the neuropeptide abundantly. In contrast, th ...
... microscopic features of GnRH neurons (8, 14, 15). It is worth of note that the immunocytochemical visualization of GnRH-immunoreactivity limits the microscopic analysis to the cell body, proximal dendrites, and nerve terminals of GnRH cells, which contain the neuropeptide abundantly. In contrast, th ...
Temporal modulation of the dynamics of neuronal networks with
... the dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) of monkeys. dACC is thought to trigger behavioral adaptation. We found evidence for (i) high spike count variability and (ii) temporal reliability (favored by temporal correlations) which respectively hindered and favored information transmission when monk ...
... the dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) of monkeys. dACC is thought to trigger behavioral adaptation. We found evidence for (i) high spike count variability and (ii) temporal reliability (favored by temporal correlations) which respectively hindered and favored information transmission when monk ...
Axonal projections of mechanoreceptive dorsal root ganglion
... Establishing precise neuronal circuits during development is essential for the proper execution of various neural activities. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons form a circuit that relays signals from peripheral sensory organs to the central nervous system. DRG neurons that transmit different sensor ...
... Establishing precise neuronal circuits during development is essential for the proper execution of various neural activities. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons form a circuit that relays signals from peripheral sensory organs to the central nervous system. DRG neurons that transmit different sensor ...
The COOH-terminal domain of agrin signals via a synaptic receptor
... The Rockefeller University Press, 0021-9525/2003/06/923/10 $8.00 The Journal of Cell Biology, Volume 161, Number 5, June 9, 2003 923–932 http://www.jcb.org/cgi/doi/10.1083/jcb.200301013 ...
... The Rockefeller University Press, 0021-9525/2003/06/923/10 $8.00 The Journal of Cell Biology, Volume 161, Number 5, June 9, 2003 923–932 http://www.jcb.org/cgi/doi/10.1083/jcb.200301013 ...
Chemosensation in C. elegans
... 1.2. ASE gustatory neurons sense salts and water-soluble attractants Chemotaxis of C. elegans to some cations, anions, cyclic nucleotides, and amino acids was first described by Ward (Ward, 1973). Although this list has been extended to more compounds, the number of known water-soluble attractants i ...
... 1.2. ASE gustatory neurons sense salts and water-soluble attractants Chemotaxis of C. elegans to some cations, anions, cyclic nucleotides, and amino acids was first described by Ward (Ward, 1973). Although this list has been extended to more compounds, the number of known water-soluble attractants i ...
Sodium-Coupled Neurotransmitter Transporters Baruch I. Kanner* and Elia Zomot
... Sodium can also bind to the transporters in the absence of the transported substrate. When oocytes, expressing the transporters, are perfused in a sodium-containing medium and are subjected to a voltage jump (interior negative), transient currents are observed. In contrast to the coupled currents, w ...
... Sodium can also bind to the transporters in the absence of the transported substrate. When oocytes, expressing the transporters, are perfused in a sodium-containing medium and are subjected to a voltage jump (interior negative), transient currents are observed. In contrast to the coupled currents, w ...
Olfactory Sensory Neurons Are Trophically Dependent on the
... neurons on immunofluorescent-stained sections from animals that had been labeled with ‘Hthymidine and allowed to survive for 2 hr. In this case as well, we examined seven equally spaced sections from rostra1 to caudal in the epithelium, and we counted the number of fluorescently labeled neurons alon ...
... neurons on immunofluorescent-stained sections from animals that had been labeled with ‘Hthymidine and allowed to survive for 2 hr. In this case as well, we examined seven equally spaced sections from rostra1 to caudal in the epithelium, and we counted the number of fluorescently labeled neurons alon ...
Location and Size of Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Cell
... Midbrain dopaminergic (mid-DA) neurons of the substantia nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and retrorubral field (RrF) project to the striatum, cortex, and nucleus accumbens (Björklund and Lindvall, 1984). They modulate a variety of functions, such as movement, rewarding, cognition, and fee ...
... Midbrain dopaminergic (mid-DA) neurons of the substantia nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and retrorubral field (RrF) project to the striatum, cortex, and nucleus accumbens (Björklund and Lindvall, 1984). They modulate a variety of functions, such as movement, rewarding, cognition, and fee ...
Receptive-Field Transformations Between LGN Neurons and S
... To fulfill this aim, we have applied the same stimuli and experimental conditions to neurons in both the lateral geniculate nucleus and the striate cortex. In previous investigations (6-8) we established that geniculate afferents terminate on a number of functional cell types in the striate cortex. ...
... To fulfill this aim, we have applied the same stimuli and experimental conditions to neurons in both the lateral geniculate nucleus and the striate cortex. In previous investigations (6-8) we established that geniculate afferents terminate on a number of functional cell types in the striate cortex. ...
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.