Neurotransmitter signaling through heterotrimeric G
... the variety of neuromodulator signals that impinge on a neuron to calculate its appropriate output level. ...
... the variety of neuromodulator signals that impinge on a neuron to calculate its appropriate output level. ...
Plasma Membrane Depolarization and Disturbed Na Homeostasis
... ADP ratio (Kauppinen and Nicholls, 1986). It has been shown that in cerebellar granule cells, the increase in the depolarization-evoked Ca21 transients by protonophores is a direct consequence of ATP depletion rather than inhibition of the mitochondrial Ca21 transport (Budd and Nicholls, 1996). An i ...
... ADP ratio (Kauppinen and Nicholls, 1986). It has been shown that in cerebellar granule cells, the increase in the depolarization-evoked Ca21 transients by protonophores is a direct consequence of ATP depletion rather than inhibition of the mitochondrial Ca21 transport (Budd and Nicholls, 1996). An i ...
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Reelin Signaling in the Adult
... completing my undergraduate studies, I have also been extremely fortunate to have received scientific and professional mentorship from Dr. Lynn Martin, which may, one day, drive me to purse interests in the field and not just at the bench; to ask ultimate questions and not just proximate ones; to ch ...
... completing my undergraduate studies, I have also been extremely fortunate to have received scientific and professional mentorship from Dr. Lynn Martin, which may, one day, drive me to purse interests in the field and not just at the bench; to ask ultimate questions and not just proximate ones; to ch ...
Modulation of calcium by sympathetic activation
... b-Adrenergic receptor stimulation activates a GTP-binding protein (GS), which stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP, which in turn activates PKA. This kinase phosphorylates several proteins related to excitation–contraction coupling (phospholamban, L-type Ca2+ channels, RyR, troponin I and myo ...
... b-Adrenergic receptor stimulation activates a GTP-binding protein (GS), which stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP, which in turn activates PKA. This kinase phosphorylates several proteins related to excitation–contraction coupling (phospholamban, L-type Ca2+ channels, RyR, troponin I and myo ...
Axon Response to Guidance Cues Is Stimulated by
... should have a deficiency of extracellular acetylcholine. We found that mutations of cha-1, unc-17, and unc-104 that cause a reduction of function have AVM ventral axon guidance defects (Figure 2B). CHA-1 is a choline acetyltransferase and is expressed in ventral nerve cord cholinergic neurons (Alfons ...
... should have a deficiency of extracellular acetylcholine. We found that mutations of cha-1, unc-17, and unc-104 that cause a reduction of function have AVM ventral axon guidance defects (Figure 2B). CHA-1 is a choline acetyltransferase and is expressed in ventral nerve cord cholinergic neurons (Alfons ...
View/Open - Minerva Access
... For instance, aurein was likely coating the LUV surface and, therefore, could translocate from one lipid environment to another, while Mac1 was likely inserted deeper into the hydrophobic core of lipid bilayers as reflected in the reduced potency upon pre-incubation. However, supporting data, such a ...
... For instance, aurein was likely coating the LUV surface and, therefore, could translocate from one lipid environment to another, while Mac1 was likely inserted deeper into the hydrophobic core of lipid bilayers as reflected in the reduced potency upon pre-incubation. However, supporting data, such a ...
Full Text - J
... istered DOPA have been reported (22 – 25), most of these side effects are mainly due to dopamine and other catecholamines converted from DOPA by AADC. In fact, DOPA after being taken up into catecholaminergic neurons can be converted to dopamine and other catecholamines, which are released from cate ...
... istered DOPA have been reported (22 – 25), most of these side effects are mainly due to dopamine and other catecholamines converted from DOPA by AADC. In fact, DOPA after being taken up into catecholaminergic neurons can be converted to dopamine and other catecholamines, which are released from cate ...
Same Spinal Interneurons Mediate Reflex Actions of Group Ib and
... interneurons mediating reflex actions from group Ib tendon organ afferents (“Ib interneurons”) and group II muscle spindle afferents (“group II interneurons”), in which both Ib and group II reflex pathways play an important role in shaping patterned movements (for review see Pearson 2004). With resp ...
... interneurons mediating reflex actions from group Ib tendon organ afferents (“Ib interneurons”) and group II muscle spindle afferents (“group II interneurons”), in which both Ib and group II reflex pathways play an important role in shaping patterned movements (for review see Pearson 2004). With resp ...
Pulsing of Membrane Potential in Individual
... et al., 1988; Arrieta-Montiel et al., 2009; Woloszynska, 2010). It is unclear, however, whether this structural heterogeneity reflects heterogeneity of function, since most studies of mitochondrial bioenergetics and metabolism are based on population measurements. One fundamental functional characte ...
... et al., 1988; Arrieta-Montiel et al., 2009; Woloszynska, 2010). It is unclear, however, whether this structural heterogeneity reflects heterogeneity of function, since most studies of mitochondrial bioenergetics and metabolism are based on population measurements. One fundamental functional characte ...
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
... BoNT/A, BoNT/B, BoNT/E and rarely BoNT/F play major role in human neurotoxicity1 and ultimately BoNT/B and BoNT/A, BoNT/Es successfully block neurotransmitter release by breaking a tight complex of Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor(NSF)Attachment Protein REceptor (SNARE) proteins bridge3, co ...
... BoNT/A, BoNT/B, BoNT/E and rarely BoNT/F play major role in human neurotoxicity1 and ultimately BoNT/B and BoNT/A, BoNT/Es successfully block neurotransmitter release by breaking a tight complex of Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor(NSF)Attachment Protein REceptor (SNARE) proteins bridge3, co ...
golgi apparatus, gerl, and lysosomes of neurons in rat dorsal root
... acinar lumen by fusion of the vacuole membranes with the plasma membrane . Electron microscope evidence from many laboratories suggests that in a wide variety of animal and plant cell types condensation of secretory and lysosomal proteins occurs in the saccules (cisternae) of the Golgi apparatus . T ...
... acinar lumen by fusion of the vacuole membranes with the plasma membrane . Electron microscope evidence from many laboratories suggests that in a wide variety of animal and plant cell types condensation of secretory and lysosomal proteins occurs in the saccules (cisternae) of the Golgi apparatus . T ...
C. elegans and volatile anesthetics
... anesthetics work at the same single target in all species (Deady et al., 1981). Most theories originally favored a fairly non-specific insinuation of the volatile anesthetic into the lipid bilayer of excitable cell membranes, causing inhibition of neuronal conduction. Changes in membrane density (cr ...
... anesthetics work at the same single target in all species (Deady et al., 1981). Most theories originally favored a fairly non-specific insinuation of the volatile anesthetic into the lipid bilayer of excitable cell membranes, causing inhibition of neuronal conduction. Changes in membrane density (cr ...
- Wiley Online Library
... (adrenergic/glutamatergic) neurons also express Phox2b (reproduced from Guyenet, 2008). C, single-cell RT-PCR data showing presence of Phox2b and VGlut2 transcripts in enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-expressing neurons dissociated from the RTN of a Phox2b-eGFP mouse (lanes 1–6), including ...
... (adrenergic/glutamatergic) neurons also express Phox2b (reproduced from Guyenet, 2008). C, single-cell RT-PCR data showing presence of Phox2b and VGlut2 transcripts in enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-expressing neurons dissociated from the RTN of a Phox2b-eGFP mouse (lanes 1–6), including ...
If so, is trkB mRNA in SNB motor neurons
... Immunorectivity for trkB was observed in SNB motoneurons. Many terminals contacting SNB motoneurons contained VGLUT1 and trkB. Red arrowheads: trkB immunoreactivity in SNB soma. White arrowheads: VGLUT1-positive appositions to SNB dendrites. White arrows: terminal structures positive for both VGLUT1 ...
... Immunorectivity for trkB was observed in SNB motoneurons. Many terminals contacting SNB motoneurons contained VGLUT1 and trkB. Red arrowheads: trkB immunoreactivity in SNB soma. White arrowheads: VGLUT1-positive appositions to SNB dendrites. White arrows: terminal structures positive for both VGLUT1 ...
Transcriptional Regulation in Spinal Cord Motor Neuron
... proprioceptive information and converge onto motor neurons. Motor neurons project out of the spinal cord, to synapse directly onto muscle cells and control motor output (Kandel et al 2013). In order for these circuits to form and function properly, the spinal cord must generate specific types of spi ...
... proprioceptive information and converge onto motor neurons. Motor neurons project out of the spinal cord, to synapse directly onto muscle cells and control motor output (Kandel et al 2013). In order for these circuits to form and function properly, the spinal cord must generate specific types of spi ...
Dynamics of a=Tubulin Deacetylation in Intact Neurons
... For the past several years, we have been studying the cytoskeletonof neurons,with the aim of identifying how it is specialized to provide for the highly asymmetric morphology of thesecells. Neurons have long cytoplasmic extensions,termed axons and dendrites, which are specializedto receive, process, ...
... For the past several years, we have been studying the cytoskeletonof neurons,with the aim of identifying how it is specialized to provide for the highly asymmetric morphology of thesecells. Neurons have long cytoplasmic extensions,termed axons and dendrites, which are specializedto receive, process, ...
First-in-first-out item replacement in a model of
... and retrieval that alternate in each cycle of a theta rhythm in the recurrent networks that receive spike input from that buffer (Koene et al., 2003; Koene and Hasselmo, 2005). By contrast, Jensen et al. (1996) relied on temporally separated periods of at least several seconds that are devoted exclu ...
... and retrieval that alternate in each cycle of a theta rhythm in the recurrent networks that receive spike input from that buffer (Koene et al., 2003; Koene and Hasselmo, 2005). By contrast, Jensen et al. (1996) relied on temporally separated periods of at least several seconds that are devoted exclu ...
Dokument_1 - KLUEDO - Technische Universität Kaiserslautern
... from the acoustic environment in order to extract new information. For the animals, including humans, this information has a vital importance for their life experience, orientation, and survival. The acoustic signals travel through the air, enter the pinna and continue to the cochlea, passing the ou ...
... from the acoustic environment in order to extract new information. For the animals, including humans, this information has a vital importance for their life experience, orientation, and survival. The acoustic signals travel through the air, enter the pinna and continue to the cochlea, passing the ou ...
Vitronectin is expressed in the ventral region of the neural tube and
... Haskill, 1993). Although ECM molecules have been shown by numerous studies to affect neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth (reviewed by Reichardt and Tomaselli, 1991), there is little evidence for a role in neuron differentiation (Frade et al., 1996). The ECM component vitronectin is a multifuncti ...
... Haskill, 1993). Although ECM molecules have been shown by numerous studies to affect neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth (reviewed by Reichardt and Tomaselli, 1991), there is little evidence for a role in neuron differentiation (Frade et al., 1996). The ECM component vitronectin is a multifuncti ...
Segmental Specificity of Chick Sympathetic Preganglionic
... the C16 to the L1 spinal cord segments. B, Specificity of sympathetic preganglionic projections from each spinal cord segment. Micrographs show sagittal sections through the sympathetic trunk of stage 30 embryos. Anterograde labeling with DiI shows that, within the sympathetic trunk, preganglionic n ...
... the C16 to the L1 spinal cord segments. B, Specificity of sympathetic preganglionic projections from each spinal cord segment. Micrographs show sagittal sections through the sympathetic trunk of stage 30 embryos. Anterograde labeling with DiI shows that, within the sympathetic trunk, preganglionic n ...
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body.At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles, and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell's side of the synaptic cleft. Finally, the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter.The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100–500 trillion) synapses. Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion (short scale, i.e. 109) of them.The word ""synapse"" comes from ""synaptein"", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek ""syn-"" (""together"") and ""haptein"" (""to clasp""). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a qualifier, however, ""synapse"" commonly means chemical synapse.