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5404_c2
5404_c2

... nuclei (SCN), principally through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), where it synchronizes the activity of the circadian oscillator to exactly 24 h. Neuronal efferent pathways from the SCN directly distribute circadian information to different brain areas, including the pineal gland, that generates ...
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... The blood brain barrier (BBB) is thought to be due to specialized endothelial cells that are influenced by the glial astrocytes. In the choroid plexus there is also a CSF-BBB formed by the ependymal cells. The BBB is absent in some places of the 3rd and 4th ventricles at patches called circumventric ...
Transcripts/3_9 1
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Hourly2_2012 - (canvas.brown.edu).
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unit 6 - nervous system / special senses

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... spinal cord. It helps to integrate and analyze information from the spinal cord and the cerebrum and is able to send impulses to further stimulate or inhibit skeletal muscles at appropriate times to cause movement of body parts into desired positions. The activity of the cerebellum makes rapid and c ...
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Circumventricular organs

Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are structures in the brain that are characterized by their extensive vasculature and lack of a normal blood brain barrier (BBB). The CVOs allow for the linkage between the central nervous system and peripheral blood flow; additionally they are an integral part of neuroendocrine function. The lack of a blood brain barrier allows the CVOs to act as an alternative route for peptides and hormones in the neural tissue to the peripheral blood stream, while still protecting it from toxic substances. CVOs can be classified into (a) sensory and (b) secretory organs. The sensory organs include the area postrema (AP), the subfornical organ (SFO) and the vascular organ of lamina terminalis. They have the ability to sense plasma molecules and then pass that information into other regions of the brain. Through this, they provide direct information to the autonomic nervous system from the systemic circulation. The secretory organs include the subcommissural organ (SCO), the posterior pituitary, the pineal gland, the median eminence and the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. These organs are responsible for secreting hormones and glycoproteins into the peripheral vascular system using feedback from both the brain environment and external stimuli.All of the circumventricular organs, besides the SCO, contain extensive vasculature and fenestrated capillaries which leads to a ‘leaky’ BBB at the site of the organs. Furthermore, all CVOs contain neural tissue, allowing them to play a role in the neuroendocrine system. It is highly debated if the choroid plexus can be included as a CVO. It has a high concentration of fenestrated capillaries, but its lack of neural tissue and its primary role of producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) usually excludes the choroid plexus from the CVO classification.Research has also linked CVOs to body fluid regulation, cardiovascular functions, immune responses, thirst, feeding behavior and reproductive behavior.
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