Experimental Models of Parkinson`s Disease: Insights from Many
... the brain, 6-OHDA must be administered by intracerebral or intraventricular injections because it is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. The compound can be neurotoxic to the brain, however, if administered systemically in the neonatal animal, because the blood-brain barrier is not fully develo ...
... the brain, 6-OHDA must be administered by intracerebral or intraventricular injections because it is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. The compound can be neurotoxic to the brain, however, if administered systemically in the neonatal animal, because the blood-brain barrier is not fully develo ...
Molecules and mechanisms of dendrite development in Drosophila
... Dendrites – processes of neurons that are primarily specialized for information input – are one of nature’s remarkable architectural feats, and the diverse growth patterns shown by dendritic arbors raise important developmental questions. The particular shapes of dendrites are important in neuronal ...
... Dendrites – processes of neurons that are primarily specialized for information input – are one of nature’s remarkable architectural feats, and the diverse growth patterns shown by dendritic arbors raise important developmental questions. The particular shapes of dendrites are important in neuronal ...
Motor System & Behavior
... activity in the motor system. • Without the motor system, we could experience sensation, think, reason, problem solve, read, write, and do mental math, but we would not be able to communicate our thoughts and abilities to anyone. ...
... activity in the motor system. • Without the motor system, we could experience sensation, think, reason, problem solve, read, write, and do mental math, but we would not be able to communicate our thoughts and abilities to anyone. ...
Representation of Number in Animals and Humans: A Neural Model
... following. First, they act like filters over numerosity: Neurons that are most responsive to a particular numerosity x also react somewhat weaker to numerosities x 1 and x + 1, still somewhat weaker to x 2 and x + 2 and so on. This property can account for the distance effect, because if numbers ...
... following. First, they act like filters over numerosity: Neurons that are most responsive to a particular numerosity x also react somewhat weaker to numerosities x 1 and x + 1, still somewhat weaker to x 2 and x + 2 and so on. This property can account for the distance effect, because if numbers ...
microcircuits in the striatum striatal cell types and their
... The cholinergic interneuron is the most abundant of the striatal interneurons comprising 0.32% of the neurons in the rodent striatum (Kawaguchi et al., 1995; Rymar et al., 2004). The somata of these interneurons range from 20-50 µm in diameter. The neurons emit 2-4 large primary dendrites that give ...
... The cholinergic interneuron is the most abundant of the striatal interneurons comprising 0.32% of the neurons in the rodent striatum (Kawaguchi et al., 1995; Rymar et al., 2004). The somata of these interneurons range from 20-50 µm in diameter. The neurons emit 2-4 large primary dendrites that give ...
B - CommuniGate Pro uni
... interneurons were scattered throughout the tissue. The soma area of these interneuron classes was larger than the average striatal soma area, thus enabling visual selection of cells by class before recording. Cortical neurons with projections to the striatum showed similar morphological features to ...
... interneurons were scattered throughout the tissue. The soma area of these interneuron classes was larger than the average striatal soma area, thus enabling visual selection of cells by class before recording. Cortical neurons with projections to the striatum showed similar morphological features to ...
Signals Conveyed in the Pulvinar Pathway from Superior Colliculus
... rons, we also presented laser spot stimuli that were positioned by mirror electrode into the pulvinar and searched for neurons in the inferior and galvanometers. A computer running REX (Hays et al., 1982) controlled lateral subdivisions. Once we isolated a single neuron, we passed brief stimulus pre ...
... rons, we also presented laser spot stimuli that were positioned by mirror electrode into the pulvinar and searched for neurons in the inferior and galvanometers. A computer running REX (Hays et al., 1982) controlled lateral subdivisions. Once we isolated a single neuron, we passed brief stimulus pre ...
Cortical Maps - White Rose Research Online
... one might graph the excitation of one neuron by another against the distance that separates them in the tissue. Or an interaction may be described in terms of the functional relationships between neurons, as one might graph the correspondence between neurons as a function of the similarity of their ...
... one might graph the excitation of one neuron by another against the distance that separates them in the tissue. Or an interaction may be described in terms of the functional relationships between neurons, as one might graph the correspondence between neurons as a function of the similarity of their ...
Vesicle Fusion Observed by Content Transfer across a Tethered
... tubules, which are sometimes created during tethered patch formation (see Movie S3 for example of a fusion event). Second, ~12% of SUV-to-patch fusion events appeared to be only partial content transfer events, leaving behind some content dye in the SUV (see Fig. S4 and Movie S4). Presumably, this i ...
... tubules, which are sometimes created during tethered patch formation (see Movie S3 for example of a fusion event). Second, ~12% of SUV-to-patch fusion events appeared to be only partial content transfer events, leaving behind some content dye in the SUV (see Fig. S4 and Movie S4). Presumably, this i ...
Spike-and-Wave Oscillations Based on the Properties of GABAB
... The possible role of the particular activation properties of GABAB currents in generating SW patterns was investigated by simulating field potentials from the postsynaptic currents generated by 100 excitatory synapses (AMPA and NMDA receptors) and 100 inhibitory synapses (GABAA and GABAB receptors; ...
... The possible role of the particular activation properties of GABAB currents in generating SW patterns was investigated by simulating field potentials from the postsynaptic currents generated by 100 excitatory synapses (AMPA and NMDA receptors) and 100 inhibitory synapses (GABAA and GABAB receptors; ...
Effects of the Abused Inhalant Toluene on the
... As discussed above, VTA DA neurons are critical elements of the brain’s reward circuitry and brief exposures to toluene alter DA neuron firing and release of DA in rewardassociated areas. Results from previous studies show that a single in vivo exposure to a drug of abuse such as cocaine or ethanol ...
... As discussed above, VTA DA neurons are critical elements of the brain’s reward circuitry and brief exposures to toluene alter DA neuron firing and release of DA in rewardassociated areas. Results from previous studies show that a single in vivo exposure to a drug of abuse such as cocaine or ethanol ...
A Neural Theory of Visual Attention
... an object is represented increases with the behavioral importance of the object (parallel processing with differential allocation of resources). More specifically, the probability that a cortical neuron represents a particular object within its classical receptive field (RF) equals the attentional w ...
... an object is represented increases with the behavioral importance of the object (parallel processing with differential allocation of resources). More specifically, the probability that a cortical neuron represents a particular object within its classical receptive field (RF) equals the attentional w ...
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... high in immature neurons (indicated by the shade of blue), EGABA and EGly are not directly affected by the intracellular HCO3– concentration, while in mature neurons, the channel-mediated net efflux of HCO3– can have a major effect on the reversal potentials. For further details, see text. ...
... high in immature neurons (indicated by the shade of blue), EGABA and EGly are not directly affected by the intracellular HCO3– concentration, while in mature neurons, the channel-mediated net efflux of HCO3– can have a major effect on the reversal potentials. For further details, see text. ...
Nature template
... A solution which can be used to test the null hypothesis that spike times are random within a window of width W was offered (10, 11). If this null hypothesis is true, then replacing the time of each spike by a randomly selected time within W around its true time should not affect any of the statisti ...
... A solution which can be used to test the null hypothesis that spike times are random within a window of width W was offered (10, 11). If this null hypothesis is true, then replacing the time of each spike by a randomly selected time within W around its true time should not affect any of the statisti ...
NervousSystemchapt28
... • A stimulus alters the permeability of a portion of the membrane – Allowing ions to pass through and changing the membrane’s voltage ...
... • A stimulus alters the permeability of a portion of the membrane – Allowing ions to pass through and changing the membrane’s voltage ...
The Fine Structure of Slow-Wave Sleep Oscillations: from Single
... (“desynchronized EEG”) with high-frequency oscillations (beta, gamma), whereas during slow-wave sleep, the EEG shifts to large-amplitude, slow oscillations. The early stage of slow-wave sleep is associated with the appearance of spindle waves, which occur at a frequency of 7 to 14 Hz. As sleep deepe ...
... (“desynchronized EEG”) with high-frequency oscillations (beta, gamma), whereas during slow-wave sleep, the EEG shifts to large-amplitude, slow oscillations. The early stage of slow-wave sleep is associated with the appearance of spindle waves, which occur at a frequency of 7 to 14 Hz. As sleep deepe ...
Memory Maintenance in Synapses with Calcium
... modifications induced by specific patterns of pre- and postsynaptic activity. For this scenario to be viable, synaptic modifications must survive the ubiquitous ongoing activity present in neural circuits in vivo. In this paper, we investigate the time scales of memory maintenance in a calcium-based ...
... modifications induced by specific patterns of pre- and postsynaptic activity. For this scenario to be viable, synaptic modifications must survive the ubiquitous ongoing activity present in neural circuits in vivo. In this paper, we investigate the time scales of memory maintenance in a calcium-based ...
Cognition The Cognitive Science Approach 1) The Atkinson
... 70) The Atkinson & Shiffrin model provides a useful summary of overall cognitive function. What does a process model add to the description (i.e., what do we gain by using a process model)? Answer: Students should cover how the process model is a small scale model that delineates specific mental ste ...
... 70) The Atkinson & Shiffrin model provides a useful summary of overall cognitive function. What does a process model add to the description (i.e., what do we gain by using a process model)? Answer: Students should cover how the process model is a small scale model that delineates specific mental ste ...
Neurotransmission in the rat amygdala related to fear and anxiety
... (type B, lateral neurons) of a slow after hyperpolarizeffect by itself, is consistently paired with a strong ing potential following repetitive firing!K. aversive stimulus. Following a small number of The basic intrinsic amygdaloid circuitry potentially pairings, the neutral stimulus produces effect ...
... (type B, lateral neurons) of a slow after hyperpolarizeffect by itself, is consistently paired with a strong ing potential following repetitive firing!K. aversive stimulus. Following a small number of The basic intrinsic amygdaloid circuitry potentially pairings, the neutral stimulus produces effect ...
Dr. Ghassan The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): After studying
... These receptors are further classified into subtypes. – Alpha1 and Beta1 receptors produce excitation – Alpha2 and Beta2 receptors cause inhibition ● Effects triggered by adrenergic neurons typically are longer lasting than those triggered by cholinergic neurons. Cells of most effectors contain eith ...
... These receptors are further classified into subtypes. – Alpha1 and Beta1 receptors produce excitation – Alpha2 and Beta2 receptors cause inhibition ● Effects triggered by adrenergic neurons typically are longer lasting than those triggered by cholinergic neurons. Cells of most effectors contain eith ...
Structure-function relationship in hierarchical model of brain networks
... were examined. However, neural networks display several levels of topological organization that are not well-accounted for by such typical network models [105]. In addition, the oscillatory dynamics of neurons cannot be sufficiently described by low-dimensional oscillators, and synchronization behav ...
... were examined. However, neural networks display several levels of topological organization that are not well-accounted for by such typical network models [105]. In addition, the oscillatory dynamics of neurons cannot be sufficiently described by low-dimensional oscillators, and synchronization behav ...
Sparse Coding in the Neocortex
... Vaadia and Bergman, 1990). As the authors of the latter study say, most areas of association cortex are "not carrying out any computations for the majority of the time." Motor neuron representations are often described as a population code, where it is proposed that the accuracy of a movement is gui ...
... Vaadia and Bergman, 1990). As the authors of the latter study say, most areas of association cortex are "not carrying out any computations for the majority of the time." Motor neuron representations are often described as a population code, where it is proposed that the accuracy of a movement is gui ...
Functional Synaptic Contacts by Intranuclear
... Our analyses are based on intracellular recordings from instrong depolarization that could produce action potential distralaminar interneurons and a subset of relay neurons for which charge (n ⫽ 25; Fig. 3C) (Cox and Sherman, 1999). Assuming the we were able to identify a well stained axon that proj ...
... Our analyses are based on intracellular recordings from instrong depolarization that could produce action potential distralaminar interneurons and a subset of relay neurons for which charge (n ⫽ 25; Fig. 3C) (Cox and Sherman, 1999). Assuming the we were able to identify a well stained axon that proj ...
CCNBook/Neuron
... complex human cognition, just by talking in vague verbal terms, or simple paper diagrams? Certainly, nobody questions the need to use computer models in climate modeling, to make accurate predictions and understand how the many complex factors interact with each other. The situation is only more dir ...
... complex human cognition, just by talking in vague verbal terms, or simple paper diagrams? Certainly, nobody questions the need to use computer models in climate modeling, to make accurate predictions and understand how the many complex factors interact with each other. The situation is only more dir ...