Anatomy of the Human Eye
... Rods and cones are not distributed equally in the retina • Human - 91 million rods, 4.5 million cones. • In most places the density of rods exceeds that of cones. • Cones increase in density 200 fold in the fovea, become highly packed. Center of the fovea is rod free. • Gives high visual acuity, wh ...
... Rods and cones are not distributed equally in the retina • Human - 91 million rods, 4.5 million cones. • In most places the density of rods exceeds that of cones. • Cones increase in density 200 fold in the fovea, become highly packed. Center of the fovea is rod free. • Gives high visual acuity, wh ...
Nervous System
... Thousands of smell receptors occupy a space the size of a postage stamp at the top of the nasal cavity. As chemicals dissolve in mucus in area of smell receptors, the impulses are transferred to the olfactory nerve. The olfactory nerve tires of a continuous odor in < 5 minutes Half of the people ove ...
... Thousands of smell receptors occupy a space the size of a postage stamp at the top of the nasal cavity. As chemicals dissolve in mucus in area of smell receptors, the impulses are transferred to the olfactory nerve. The olfactory nerve tires of a continuous odor in < 5 minutes Half of the people ove ...
Chapter 3: The Biological Bases of Behavior
... When a Neurotransmitter Binds: The Postsynaptic Potential • Voltage change at receptor site – postsynaptic potential (PSP) – Not all-or-none – Changes the probability of the postsynaptic neuron firing • Positive voltage shift – excitatory PSP • Negative voltage shift – inhibitory PSP ...
... When a Neurotransmitter Binds: The Postsynaptic Potential • Voltage change at receptor site – postsynaptic potential (PSP) – Not all-or-none – Changes the probability of the postsynaptic neuron firing • Positive voltage shift – excitatory PSP • Negative voltage shift – inhibitory PSP ...
Chapter 10: Nervous System I: Basic Structure and Function
... produced in the neuron cell body. P. Schwann cells produce myelin. Q. Myelin is a lipid-rich substance. R. A myelin sheath is a coating produced by Schwann cells that is wrapped around an axon. S. A neurilemma is a portion of a Schwann cell outside of the myelin sheath. T. A node of Ranvier is a nar ...
... produced in the neuron cell body. P. Schwann cells produce myelin. Q. Myelin is a lipid-rich substance. R. A myelin sheath is a coating produced by Schwann cells that is wrapped around an axon. S. A neurilemma is a portion of a Schwann cell outside of the myelin sheath. T. A node of Ranvier is a nar ...
neuro_pathology
... Protein synthesis does not occur in axon (axoplasmic flow delivers the goods and retrograde transport serves as feedback to cell body). Skeletal muscles cells are syncytial cells. Z bands = a-actinin. Type 1 muscle fibers o Sustained force, NADH dark stain, lots of lipids, many mitochondria = “red m ...
... Protein synthesis does not occur in axon (axoplasmic flow delivers the goods and retrograde transport serves as feedback to cell body). Skeletal muscles cells are syncytial cells. Z bands = a-actinin. Type 1 muscle fibers o Sustained force, NADH dark stain, lots of lipids, many mitochondria = “red m ...
The vertebrate nervous system is regionally specialized
... Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses – summary In an electrical synapse, electrical current flows directly from one cell to another via a gap junction. In a chemical synapse, depolarization of the synaptic terminal causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the terminal membrane and to relea ...
... Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses – summary In an electrical synapse, electrical current flows directly from one cell to another via a gap junction. In a chemical synapse, depolarization of the synaptic terminal causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the terminal membrane and to relea ...
Diverse Origins of Network Rhythms in Local Cortical Circuits
... of principal neurons, and all interneurons, into local network rhythms. In addition, excitatory projection neurons send out collaterals as far as 5 mm horizontally in neocortex; primary axonal projections can extend as far as 10 cm or more in human brain (e.g., the parietofrontal projection). Althou ...
... of principal neurons, and all interneurons, into local network rhythms. In addition, excitatory projection neurons send out collaterals as far as 5 mm horizontally in neocortex; primary axonal projections can extend as far as 10 cm or more in human brain (e.g., the parietofrontal projection). Althou ...
Resting potential
... 1. Stands for Functional MRI 2. Combines elements of MRI & PET scans 3. Shows details of brain structure with info about blood flow in brain, tying brain structure to brain activity during cognitive ...
... 1. Stands for Functional MRI 2. Combines elements of MRI & PET scans 3. Shows details of brain structure with info about blood flow in brain, tying brain structure to brain activity during cognitive ...
The Nervous System
... brain formed by a partial crossing over of optic nerves • Olfactory bulb: Structure located in the forebrain that receives neural input regarding smell ...
... brain formed by a partial crossing over of optic nerves • Olfactory bulb: Structure located in the forebrain that receives neural input regarding smell ...
neurotransmitter
... open post-synaptic membrane ion channel for Na+ 5. After transmission the NT is either degraded by an enzyme or taken back into the pre-synaptic membrane by a transporter or reuptake pump ...
... open post-synaptic membrane ion channel for Na+ 5. After transmission the NT is either degraded by an enzyme or taken back into the pre-synaptic membrane by a transporter or reuptake pump ...
Synaptic Responses of Cortical Pyramidal Neurons to Light
... B, An extracellularrecordingof unit activity in the molecularlayerof the cortex(tap truce) revealsneuronsdischarging in response to a flashof light. The latencyof unit firing corresponds to the latencyof IPSPsrecordedintracellularlyin a nearbycorticalpyramidalneuron(lower truce). C, Schematicof the ...
... B, An extracellularrecordingof unit activity in the molecularlayerof the cortex(tap truce) revealsneuronsdischarging in response to a flashof light. The latencyof unit firing corresponds to the latencyof IPSPsrecordedintracellularlyin a nearbycorticalpyramidalneuron(lower truce). C, Schematicof the ...
Chapter 10 - Dr. Eric Schwartz
... to brainstem nuclei and (by way of the thalamus) to regions of the sensorimotor cortex that give rise to pathways that descend to the motor neurons. • The cerebellum receives information both from the sensorimotor cortex (relayed via brainstem nuclei) and from the vestibular system, eyes, skin, musc ...
... to brainstem nuclei and (by way of the thalamus) to regions of the sensorimotor cortex that give rise to pathways that descend to the motor neurons. • The cerebellum receives information both from the sensorimotor cortex (relayed via brainstem nuclei) and from the vestibular system, eyes, skin, musc ...
Can the ophthalmologist repair the Brain in Infantile ET
... monkeys with natural infantile esotropia who alternated fixation and had normal visual acuity in both eyes: lack of binocular connections and metabolic suppression. A, Normal monkey has an abundance of binocular connections between ODCs of opposite ocularity. Metabolic activity (dark staining) is un ...
... monkeys with natural infantile esotropia who alternated fixation and had normal visual acuity in both eyes: lack of binocular connections and metabolic suppression. A, Normal monkey has an abundance of binocular connections between ODCs of opposite ocularity. Metabolic activity (dark staining) is un ...
neuron
... • axon: the long, cable-like extension that delivers messages to other neurons • myelin sheath: layer of fatty tissue that insulates the axon and helps speed up message transmission – multiple sclerosis: deterioration of myelin leads to slowed communication with muscles and impaired sensation in lim ...
... • axon: the long, cable-like extension that delivers messages to other neurons • myelin sheath: layer of fatty tissue that insulates the axon and helps speed up message transmission – multiple sclerosis: deterioration of myelin leads to slowed communication with muscles and impaired sensation in lim ...
The eye
... a range of 16 to 1. Therefore the pupil makes only a very limited contribution to adaptation. • Retinal ganglion cells are sensitive to changes in illumination, not absolute levels of illumination. • The Th visual i l system t adapts d t to t constant t t illuminations, ill i ti andd if we do not mo ...
... a range of 16 to 1. Therefore the pupil makes only a very limited contribution to adaptation. • Retinal ganglion cells are sensitive to changes in illumination, not absolute levels of illumination. • The Th visual i l system t adapts d t to t constant t t illuminations, ill i ti andd if we do not mo ...
The History and Scope of Psychology Module 1
... the cortex. The medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and emotional situations, while the adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate metabolism. ...
... the cortex. The medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and emotional situations, while the adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate metabolism. ...
Document
... the cortex. The medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and emotional situations, while the adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate metabolism. ...
... the cortex. The medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and emotional situations, while the adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate metabolism. ...
Chapter2 - cfhssocialstudies
... the cortex. The medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and emotional situations, while the adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate metabolism. ...
... the cortex. The medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and emotional situations, while the adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate metabolism. ...
Neuron File
... concentration differences of ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Changes in the cross-membrane voltage can alter the function of voltage-dependent ion channels. If the voltage changes by a large enough amount, an all-ornone electrochemical pulse called anaction potential is genera ...
... concentration differences of ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Changes in the cross-membrane voltage can alter the function of voltage-dependent ion channels. If the voltage changes by a large enough amount, an all-ornone electrochemical pulse called anaction potential is genera ...
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... Greater distress was associated with a more negative frontal slow wave and a larger late positive potential (LPP), with children of high and low levels of distress showing markedly different patterns of cortical neural activity. Source modeling with Geosouce software suggested that slow wave neural ...
... Greater distress was associated with a more negative frontal slow wave and a larger late positive potential (LPP), with children of high and low levels of distress showing markedly different patterns of cortical neural activity. Source modeling with Geosouce software suggested that slow wave neural ...
Developing an integrated digital content strategy to drive
... Right now - in your brain, your own map is changing • The brain has a powerful ability to change, adapt, and rewire itself throughout life. • Individual neurons grow, and new ones are added to the active circuits • It changes how it uses its genetic code, in response to life experiences ...
... Right now - in your brain, your own map is changing • The brain has a powerful ability to change, adapt, and rewire itself throughout life. • Individual neurons grow, and new ones are added to the active circuits • It changes how it uses its genetic code, in response to life experiences ...
Neural Control II
... • These branches may form junctions with the dendrites of other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells; such intercellular junctions are called synapses • The neuron whose axon transmits the action potential to the synapse is called the presynaptic cell, while the receiving cell is called the postsyn ...
... • These branches may form junctions with the dendrites of other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells; such intercellular junctions are called synapses • The neuron whose axon transmits the action potential to the synapse is called the presynaptic cell, while the receiving cell is called the postsyn ...
Memory fields of neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex
... where information. What-and-where neurons were able to simultaneously communicate the identity and location of a sample object throughout a large portion of the visual field at and near the fovea as well as in the periphery. The MFs of these neurons were similar in size and location to those of wher ...
... where information. What-and-where neurons were able to simultaneously communicate the identity and location of a sample object throughout a large portion of the visual field at and near the fovea as well as in the periphery. The MFs of these neurons were similar in size and location to those of wher ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.