Gnostic cells in the 21st century
... and other clinical factors, but particularly for seizures triggered in the hippocampus and surrounding cortex (what it is known as the medial temporal lobe), this procedure is quite successful (Wieser et al. 2001). The success of these surgeries clearly relies on an accurate delineation of the epile ...
... and other clinical factors, but particularly for seizures triggered in the hippocampus and surrounding cortex (what it is known as the medial temporal lobe), this procedure is quite successful (Wieser et al. 2001). The success of these surgeries clearly relies on an accurate delineation of the epile ...
Exam - McLoon Lab
... C. from the mesencephalon (midbrain). D. ventral to the sulcus limitans. E. More than one of the above are correct. 4. Imagine that you stably transfected a small group of cells with a constitutively expressed reporter gene such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) just off the midline in the posterio ...
... C. from the mesencephalon (midbrain). D. ventral to the sulcus limitans. E. More than one of the above are correct. 4. Imagine that you stably transfected a small group of cells with a constitutively expressed reporter gene such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) just off the midline in the posterio ...
Ch 31: Urinary System
... Two most common types of synapses: 1) Axodendritic synapse - between the axon of one neuron & the dendrite of another ...
... Two most common types of synapses: 1) Axodendritic synapse - between the axon of one neuron & the dendrite of another ...
chapter 7 the nervous system
... needed to express thoughts and feelings Temporal Lobe = understanding speech and reading printed words, memory of visual scenes and music Occipital Lobe = analyzing visual patterns and recognizing another person or an object ...
... needed to express thoughts and feelings Temporal Lobe = understanding speech and reading printed words, memory of visual scenes and music Occipital Lobe = analyzing visual patterns and recognizing another person or an object ...
Notes_2-4_bcsd Biologic basis of behavior
... -study of loss of function resulting from surgical removal of portions of the brain -measures subtle changes in brain electrical activity through electrodes placed on the head -allow for localization of functions in the brain -Computerized Axial Tomography -generate cross sectional images of the bra ...
... -study of loss of function resulting from surgical removal of portions of the brain -measures subtle changes in brain electrical activity through electrodes placed on the head -allow for localization of functions in the brain -Computerized Axial Tomography -generate cross sectional images of the bra ...
08 - Pierce College
... b. Neurotransmitter is released c. Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open d. Ligand-gated Ca++ channels open 48. Which correctly describes the Ca++ concentration gradient at the axon end bulb? a. Lower on the outside than on the inside b. Higher on the outside than on the inside c. About the same on the o ...
... b. Neurotransmitter is released c. Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open d. Ligand-gated Ca++ channels open 48. Which correctly describes the Ca++ concentration gradient at the axon end bulb? a. Lower on the outside than on the inside b. Higher on the outside than on the inside c. About the same on the o ...
corticospinal tract
... • corticospinal tract – humans - ~ 1,000,000 axons – originate in motor cortex; pyramidal motor system – makes monosynaptic connections with motor neurons ...
... • corticospinal tract – humans - ~ 1,000,000 axons – originate in motor cortex; pyramidal motor system – makes monosynaptic connections with motor neurons ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... body systems. Every activity is controlled by some of the more than 100 billion nerve cells in the body. CNS (Brain & Spinal Cord) – acts as a control center PNS (Nerves) – carry messages to and from this center ...
... body systems. Every activity is controlled by some of the more than 100 billion nerve cells in the body. CNS (Brain & Spinal Cord) – acts as a control center PNS (Nerves) – carry messages to and from this center ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 39.1 Locomotor activity rhythm of a
... cell culture is shown in actogram-like format. Red bars represent one cell, while blue bars represent the other. The “activity” bars represent intervals when the neuronal firing rate for that cell is above its daily average. Where the active periods of the two cells overlap, they are shown in purple ...
... cell culture is shown in actogram-like format. Red bars represent one cell, while blue bars represent the other. The “activity” bars represent intervals when the neuronal firing rate for that cell is above its daily average. Where the active periods of the two cells overlap, they are shown in purple ...
OL Chapter 2 overview
... feel most mentally confused and uncoordinated (groggiest) about halfway through the night. But we may feel more lively and vigorous (get new energy) close to the time we would normally wake up. . . . “owls” . . . “larks” . . . Like birds that are nocturnal (owls are an example), many younger adults ...
... feel most mentally confused and uncoordinated (groggiest) about halfway through the night. But we may feel more lively and vigorous (get new energy) close to the time we would normally wake up. . . . “owls” . . . “larks” . . . Like birds that are nocturnal (owls are an example), many younger adults ...
`Mirror` neuron system Premotor cortex
... Speech becomes more social, less egocentric. The child has an intuitive grasp of logical concepts in some areas. However, there is still a tendency to focus attention on one aspect of an object while ignoring others. Concepts formed are crude and irreversible. Easy to believe in magical increase, de ...
... Speech becomes more social, less egocentric. The child has an intuitive grasp of logical concepts in some areas. However, there is still a tendency to focus attention on one aspect of an object while ignoring others. Concepts formed are crude and irreversible. Easy to believe in magical increase, de ...
Key Elements of Sensation
... • Loss of sensitivity to stimuli when receptor cells are constantly stimulated. • Evolutionary psychologists would argue that this was necessary for our survival in order to focus attention on more important novel stimuli such as a predator. ...
... • Loss of sensitivity to stimuli when receptor cells are constantly stimulated. • Evolutionary psychologists would argue that this was necessary for our survival in order to focus attention on more important novel stimuli such as a predator. ...
Neurobiology - 3. sensory transduction and control
... Each class of bipolar cells has excitatory connections with ganglion cells of the same class. It is possible that in mammals it also inhibits ganglion cells of the opposite class (this would obviously increase sensitivity). The responses of ganglion cells are largely determined by input from bipolar ...
... Each class of bipolar cells has excitatory connections with ganglion cells of the same class. It is possible that in mammals it also inhibits ganglion cells of the opposite class (this would obviously increase sensitivity). The responses of ganglion cells are largely determined by input from bipolar ...
SELECT THE ONE BEST ANSWER OR COMPLETION 1. A function
... (C) have bar-shaped receptive fields (D) send their axons to the lateral geniculate (E) are contacted by "ON" center photoreceptor cells 14. The initial step which triggers the visual transduction cascade in rod photoreceptors is: (A) the isomerization of 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal (B) the ...
... (C) have bar-shaped receptive fields (D) send their axons to the lateral geniculate (E) are contacted by "ON" center photoreceptor cells 14. The initial step which triggers the visual transduction cascade in rod photoreceptors is: (A) the isomerization of 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal (B) the ...
Slide ()
... side of the orbit the cell is silent (position Θ0) . As the monkey makes a lateral saccade there is a burst of firing (D1), but in the new position (Θ1) the eye is still too far medial for the cell to discharge continually. During the next saccade there is a burst (D2), and at the new position (Θ2) ...
... side of the orbit the cell is silent (position Θ0) . As the monkey makes a lateral saccade there is a burst of firing (D1), but in the new position (Θ1) the eye is still too far medial for the cell to discharge continually. During the next saccade there is a burst (D2), and at the new position (Θ2) ...
The Nerve Cells Reading
... interfering with one another. The outer sheath is called neurilemma. It is made of living cells. Only some nerve cells have the neurilemma. The brain's neurons and the spinal cord's neurons don't have it. Those that do, though, seem to help a cut nerve fiber grow back together. ...
... interfering with one another. The outer sheath is called neurilemma. It is made of living cells. Only some nerve cells have the neurilemma. The brain's neurons and the spinal cord's neurons don't have it. Those that do, though, seem to help a cut nerve fiber grow back together. ...
Neural computations that underlie decisions about sensory stimuli
... light, with some values being more likely than others when light is present (see Box 1). How do you use the value from the detector to decide if the light was present? This problem consists of deciding which hypothesis – light is present (h1) or light is absent (h2) – is most likely to be true given ...
... light, with some values being more likely than others when light is present (see Box 1). How do you use the value from the detector to decide if the light was present? This problem consists of deciding which hypothesis – light is present (h1) or light is absent (h2) – is most likely to be true given ...
Gust & Olfac
... Olfaction • Specialized neurons present in the olfactory epithelium in the nose. • They project cilia into a mucus layer. The cilia are able to bind to odorant molecules the binding triggers an AP which is transmitted to the olfactory area of the olfactory bulb olfactory cortex (lower frontal a ...
... Olfaction • Specialized neurons present in the olfactory epithelium in the nose. • They project cilia into a mucus layer. The cilia are able to bind to odorant molecules the binding triggers an AP which is transmitted to the olfactory area of the olfactory bulb olfactory cortex (lower frontal a ...
Chapter 10: Nervous System I
... UU. Gray matter is composed of unmyelinated axons, dendrites, and cell bodies of neurons. II. Classification of Neurons and Neuroglia A. Classification of Neurons 1. The three major classifications of neurons based on structural differences are bipolar, multipolar, and unipolar. 2. Bipolar neurons h ...
... UU. Gray matter is composed of unmyelinated axons, dendrites, and cell bodies of neurons. II. Classification of Neurons and Neuroglia A. Classification of Neurons 1. The three major classifications of neurons based on structural differences are bipolar, multipolar, and unipolar. 2. Bipolar neurons h ...
Serotonin, also known as 5-HT (5
... this way, the nerve impulse is propagated throughout the nervous system. Note that after a nerve fires at a synapse, the neurotransmitter must be taken back up by the original neuron. This so-called “re-uptake” is an extremely important aspect of nervous system function. Different neurotransmitters ...
... this way, the nerve impulse is propagated throughout the nervous system. Note that after a nerve fires at a synapse, the neurotransmitter must be taken back up by the original neuron. This so-called “re-uptake” is an extremely important aspect of nervous system function. Different neurotransmitters ...
The Visual System
... A. When the axons of many simple cells with the same orientation and adjacent but not identical receptive fields converge on a complex cell, it can detect movement from the differences between these fields. B. Temporal summation: if a cell that has already been excited once is excited again shortly ...
... A. When the axons of many simple cells with the same orientation and adjacent but not identical receptive fields converge on a complex cell, it can detect movement from the differences between these fields. B. Temporal summation: if a cell that has already been excited once is excited again shortly ...
CHAPTER 5: SIMPLE NERVOUS SYSTEMS AND BEHAVIOR
... • Explicit or declarative memory: the recall of information about people, places, and objects, and it requires the medial temporal lobe and the hippocampus. • Implicit or procedural memory: perceptual/motor skills, habits, including classical and operant conditioning, habituation, and sensitization. ...
... • Explicit or declarative memory: the recall of information about people, places, and objects, and it requires the medial temporal lobe and the hippocampus. • Implicit or procedural memory: perceptual/motor skills, habits, including classical and operant conditioning, habituation, and sensitization. ...
doc Nerve and synapses
... -2nd messengers activate a range of cellular proteins, including ion channels, protein kinases and transcription factors. -Glutamate&GABA activate both ionotropic& metabotropic receptors. -Many types of neurotransmitters interact mainly or entirely with metabotropic receptors. These substances, such ...
... -2nd messengers activate a range of cellular proteins, including ion channels, protein kinases and transcription factors. -Glutamate&GABA activate both ionotropic& metabotropic receptors. -Many types of neurotransmitters interact mainly or entirely with metabotropic receptors. These substances, such ...
Motor System: Reflexes, Pyramidal Tract and Basal Ganglia
... • Dopamine acts on D2 receptors, which inhibit information flow, thus disinhibition • Dopamine facilitates movement ...
... • Dopamine acts on D2 receptors, which inhibit information flow, thus disinhibition • Dopamine facilitates movement ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.