Teacher Materials - Scope, Sequence, and Coordination
... The nervous system of multicellular organisms comprises a group of organs that monitor the environment and control and coordinate body activities. It can be described as having two main subdivisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system inclu ...
... The nervous system of multicellular organisms comprises a group of organs that monitor the environment and control and coordinate body activities. It can be described as having two main subdivisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system inclu ...
From/To LTM - Ohio University
... Spatio-temporal memories are fundamental to self-organization and learning in bio-inspired systems. Short term memory (STM) and long term memory (LTM): two major types of memories in neurobiological research of human brain. They occupy different regions of the human brain, have different structu ...
... Spatio-temporal memories are fundamental to self-organization and learning in bio-inspired systems. Short term memory (STM) and long term memory (LTM): two major types of memories in neurobiological research of human brain. They occupy different regions of the human brain, have different structu ...
Biology Nervous System - Educational Research Center
... − axons transmit the message away from the cell body. − axons from the nerve fibers are found in the white matter. − an axon is linked to consecutive neurons or to effector cells by synapses. − an action potential is a sudden and rapid reversal of voltage across the plasma membrane. − an action pote ...
... − axons transmit the message away from the cell body. − axons from the nerve fibers are found in the white matter. − an axon is linked to consecutive neurons or to effector cells by synapses. − an action potential is a sudden and rapid reversal of voltage across the plasma membrane. − an action pote ...
Theoretical Systems Neuroscience
... In the last nine lectures of this course, we will study theoretical approaches to neuroscience at the “highest”, most integrated level of analysis. The focus will be on quantitative relationships between neural activity and behavior, as well as on mathematical models of behavior. Most of the tim ...
... In the last nine lectures of this course, we will study theoretical approaches to neuroscience at the “highest”, most integrated level of analysis. The focus will be on quantitative relationships between neural activity and behavior, as well as on mathematical models of behavior. Most of the tim ...
The Distribution of Immunoreactivity for
... are stimulated by estrogens but inhibited by androgens. Although mechanisms are uncertain, one factor that could help define the spheres of influence and/or divisions of labor seen in hormone stimulation of the cerebral cortex could be the specific cortical distributions that intracellular, i.e. nuc ...
... are stimulated by estrogens but inhibited by androgens. Although mechanisms are uncertain, one factor that could help define the spheres of influence and/or divisions of labor seen in hormone stimulation of the cerebral cortex could be the specific cortical distributions that intracellular, i.e. nuc ...
Fast Propagation of Firing Rates through Layered Networks of Noisy
... compensate for the lack of synaptic input to this layer; without compensation, their background firing rates would be substantially lower. Unless stated otherwise, the layers contain 20 neurons each. The neurons receive excitatory input from all neurons in the previous layer through conductance-base ...
... compensate for the lack of synaptic input to this layer; without compensation, their background firing rates would be substantially lower. Unless stated otherwise, the layers contain 20 neurons each. The neurons receive excitatory input from all neurons in the previous layer through conductance-base ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... the VA-VL (Kuramoto et al. 2009, 2011), the latter being located in the rostroventral portion of the VA-VL. On the other hand, the caudodorsal portion of the VA-VL receives glutamatergic excitatory afferents mainly from the deep cerebellar nuclei (Schwarz and Schmitz 1997; Kuramoto et al. 2011), and ...
... the VA-VL (Kuramoto et al. 2009, 2011), the latter being located in the rostroventral portion of the VA-VL. On the other hand, the caudodorsal portion of the VA-VL receives glutamatergic excitatory afferents mainly from the deep cerebellar nuclei (Schwarz and Schmitz 1997; Kuramoto et al. 2011), and ...
APPSWE Microinjected Mouse Model
... smooth muscle, compromised response to vasodilators, and cell death.46 The mice provide an opportunity to clarify the mechanisms by which amyloid damages brain vasculature. ...
... smooth muscle, compromised response to vasodilators, and cell death.46 The mice provide an opportunity to clarify the mechanisms by which amyloid damages brain vasculature. ...
Massively Parallel Recording of Unit and Local Field
... of similar intrinsic anatomical connections and functional properties (Andersen et al. 1969; Mountcastle 1997; Rice and Van der Loos 1977; Szentágothai 1975). This sub-millimeter level of organization is where computational rules of neuronal interactions are expected to reside (Churchland and Sejno ...
... of similar intrinsic anatomical connections and functional properties (Andersen et al. 1969; Mountcastle 1997; Rice and Van der Loos 1977; Szentágothai 1975). This sub-millimeter level of organization is where computational rules of neuronal interactions are expected to reside (Churchland and Sejno ...
Transgenic Mouse Lines Subdivide Medial Vestibular Nucleus
... several classes of neurons have been defined in vivo on the basis of their activity during behavior, but it is unclear how those types correspond to neurons identified in slice preparations. By targeting recordings to neurons labeled in transgenic mouse lines, this study reveals that the continuous ...
... several classes of neurons have been defined in vivo on the basis of their activity during behavior, but it is unclear how those types correspond to neurons identified in slice preparations. By targeting recordings to neurons labeled in transgenic mouse lines, this study reveals that the continuous ...
Chapter 10 1. When the adult of a descendant species resembles
... D) uric acid E) excess carbohydrates 15. In turbellarian nervous systems, neurons carrying information to the brain are __________ neurons. A) connector B) sensory C) receptor D) association E) motor 16. In turbellarians, the nervous tissue is concentrated anteriorly in clusters of neurons called A) ...
... D) uric acid E) excess carbohydrates 15. In turbellarian nervous systems, neurons carrying information to the brain are __________ neurons. A) connector B) sensory C) receptor D) association E) motor 16. In turbellarians, the nervous tissue is concentrated anteriorly in clusters of neurons called A) ...
A Confocal Laser Microscopic Study of Enkephalin
... The enkephalins, leu-enkephalin, met-enkephalin, and several C-terminal extended forms of enkephalin, have a widespreaddistribution in the CNS (Murakami et al., 1987;Mansour et al., 1988) and are concentrated in pain modulatory regions of the brainstem including the RVM (Khachaturian et al., 1983; W ...
... The enkephalins, leu-enkephalin, met-enkephalin, and several C-terminal extended forms of enkephalin, have a widespreaddistribution in the CNS (Murakami et al., 1987;Mansour et al., 1988) and are concentrated in pain modulatory regions of the brainstem including the RVM (Khachaturian et al., 1983; W ...
ORIGIN OF THE PERICELLULAR BASKETS OF THE PYRAMIDAL
... neuron. The vertical dendrites (Figs. 5-7) are a prominent feature of the cortical basket cells. The superior vertical dendrite crosses layer III and terminates in layer II. The inferior vertical dendrite crosses the layer V and terminates in layer VI. Both of these dendrites may measure up to sever ...
... neuron. The vertical dendrites (Figs. 5-7) are a prominent feature of the cortical basket cells. The superior vertical dendrite crosses layer III and terminates in layer II. The inferior vertical dendrite crosses the layer V and terminates in layer VI. Both of these dendrites may measure up to sever ...
Brain rhythms in mental time travel
... provides a set of properties we expect a neural contextual representation to exhibit (Polyn and Kahana, 2008). A neuroanatomical candidate contextual region should exhibit neural activity patterns that (1) are sensitive to the features and statistical properties of the perceptual environment, (2) ex ...
... provides a set of properties we expect a neural contextual representation to exhibit (Polyn and Kahana, 2008). A neuroanatomical candidate contextual region should exhibit neural activity patterns that (1) are sensitive to the features and statistical properties of the perceptual environment, (2) ex ...
The Structure of Spatial Receptive Fields of Neurons in Primary
... Before quantitative data were collected, responses to VAS stimulation were assessed qualitatively. VSRFs were then derived from responses to single presentations of VAS stimuli delivered dichotically at each direction in random order. Approximately 15 min was required to obtain a VSRF representing t ...
... Before quantitative data were collected, responses to VAS stimulation were assessed qualitatively. VSRFs were then derived from responses to single presentations of VAS stimuli delivered dichotically at each direction in random order. Approximately 15 min was required to obtain a VSRF representing t ...
The horizontal brain slice preparation: a novel approach for
... mosM). Next, using a sterile 26-gauge needle, the skin overlying the brain is peeled away (Fig. 1, A and B) and the brain and brain stem filleted by making a shallow incision along the midline such that the dorsal postoptic commissure is severed, whereas the floor plate is left intact. The filleted ...
... mosM). Next, using a sterile 26-gauge needle, the skin overlying the brain is peeled away (Fig. 1, A and B) and the brain and brain stem filleted by making a shallow incision along the midline such that the dorsal postoptic commissure is severed, whereas the floor plate is left intact. The filleted ...
ADA Compliant Lecture PowerPoint
... Major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in learning, memory formation, nervous system development, and synaptic plasticity ...
... Major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in learning, memory formation, nervous system development, and synaptic plasticity ...
Regulation of synaptic functions in central nervous system by
... (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesolimbic VTA (ventral tegmental area) DA (dopaminergic) neurons (Figure 2A) [39]. Recently, a subgroup of neurons in LHA was identified to expresses LepRb, but not orexin/ ...
... (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesolimbic VTA (ventral tegmental area) DA (dopaminergic) neurons (Figure 2A) [39]. Recently, a subgroup of neurons in LHA was identified to expresses LepRb, but not orexin/ ...
Inactivation of Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex Reveals
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
Cortical interneuron migration
... While the importance of cell migration in cortical development has long been known, the cellular and molecular basis of cortical cell migration is only now beginning to be understood. Until recently, the dominant view was that most cortical neurons left the ventricular zone after their last mitosis ...
... While the importance of cell migration in cortical development has long been known, the cellular and molecular basis of cortical cell migration is only now beginning to be understood. Until recently, the dominant view was that most cortical neurons left the ventricular zone after their last mitosis ...
Neuronal and microglial cathepsins in aging and age
... The delivery of pro-cathepsins to lysosomes is accompanied by a series of proteolytic cleavages into their mature forms. In addition to a M6P-dependent targeting system, cathepsins can be also targeted to the lysosomes in a M6P-independent mechanism (Glickman and Kornfeld, 1993). Although the primar ...
... The delivery of pro-cathepsins to lysosomes is accompanied by a series of proteolytic cleavages into their mature forms. In addition to a M6P-dependent targeting system, cathepsins can be also targeted to the lysosomes in a M6P-independent mechanism (Glickman and Kornfeld, 1993). Although the primar ...
Structural and functional architecture of respiratory networks in the
... particular the respiratory CPG, including the mechanisms underlying the circuit dynamic reconfiguration under different conditions represents a central and challenging problem in neuroscience. Indeed, breathing is a dynamically mutable motor behaviour that not only performs a vital homeostatic funct ...
... particular the respiratory CPG, including the mechanisms underlying the circuit dynamic reconfiguration under different conditions represents a central and challenging problem in neuroscience. Indeed, breathing is a dynamically mutable motor behaviour that not only performs a vital homeostatic funct ...
Gene for Pain Modulatory Neuropeptide NPFF
... Fair Lawn, NJ). NPFF mRNA-expressing neurons were counted from spinal cord L5–6 segments on both sides after carrageenan inflammation. Every third section was included. Background densities were obtained from representative areas outside the positive cell areas. These values were 1.5 to 3.2 grains/1 ...
... Fair Lawn, NJ). NPFF mRNA-expressing neurons were counted from spinal cord L5–6 segments on both sides after carrageenan inflammation. Every third section was included. Background densities were obtained from representative areas outside the positive cell areas. These values were 1.5 to 3.2 grains/1 ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.