Synaptic Targets of Medial Septal Projections in the Hippocampus
... Temporal coordination of neuronal assemblies among cortical areas is essential for behavioral performance. GABAergic projections from the medial septum and diagonal band complex exclusively innervate GABAergic interneurons in the rat hippocampus, contributing to the coordination of neuronal activity ...
... Temporal coordination of neuronal assemblies among cortical areas is essential for behavioral performance. GABAergic projections from the medial septum and diagonal band complex exclusively innervate GABAergic interneurons in the rat hippocampus, contributing to the coordination of neuronal activity ...
Olfactory Organs
... and has strong connections to emotional memory • If your nose is at its best, you can tell the difference between 4000-10,000 smells! • Dogs have 1 million smell cells per nostril and their smell cells are 100 times larger than humans! © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... and has strong connections to emotional memory • If your nose is at its best, you can tell the difference between 4000-10,000 smells! • Dogs have 1 million smell cells per nostril and their smell cells are 100 times larger than humans! © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
... brainstem and spinal cord; they are also the nerve cells which transmit information to muscles and which register sensory information (e.g. touch stimuli). There are between 10 billion and 100 billion neurons in the brain; each neuron may contact about 1000 others. Most neurons have three recognizab ...
... brainstem and spinal cord; they are also the nerve cells which transmit information to muscles and which register sensory information (e.g. touch stimuli). There are between 10 billion and 100 billion neurons in the brain; each neuron may contact about 1000 others. Most neurons have three recognizab ...
Movement-Related Neuronal Activity Selectively - Research
... I. Movement-related neuronal activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA), primary motor cortex (MC), and putamen was studied in monkeys performing a visuomotor tracking task designed to determine 1) the extent to which neuronal activity in each of these areas represented the direction of visually ...
... I. Movement-related neuronal activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA), primary motor cortex (MC), and putamen was studied in monkeys performing a visuomotor tracking task designed to determine 1) the extent to which neuronal activity in each of these areas represented the direction of visually ...
Linking Neural Activity to Visual Perception: Separating Sensory and
... ‘fast’, ‘far’ or ‘near’, are some of the simplest features that we can assign to a visual stimulus and are some of the basic attributes that we can perceive. But the transition from neural activity to perception is not simple and remains largely unknown. This process is not intractable, however, and ...
... ‘fast’, ‘far’ or ‘near’, are some of the simplest features that we can assign to a visual stimulus and are some of the basic attributes that we can perceive. But the transition from neural activity to perception is not simple and remains largely unknown. This process is not intractable, however, and ...
MUSHROOM BODY MEMOIR: FROM MAPS TO MODELS
... them is the versatility of techniques growing as fast. Mutants with reduced or altered mushroom bodies were described more than 20 years ago62. In several cases their brains were found to be otherwise intact, and many of them show surprisingly normal behaviour. They have been instrumental in establi ...
... them is the versatility of techniques growing as fast. Mutants with reduced or altered mushroom bodies were described more than 20 years ago62. In several cases their brains were found to be otherwise intact, and many of them show surprisingly normal behaviour. They have been instrumental in establi ...
Neuropeptide-Mediated Facilitation and Inhibition of Sensory Inputs
... used to investigate the behavioral effects of sensory modulation in mammals (see Wiesenfeld-Hallin 1995). However, in these preparations, it is difficult to obtain detailed mechanistic explanations at the cellular and synaptic levels. Conversely, although detailed cellular information was obtained w ...
... used to investigate the behavioral effects of sensory modulation in mammals (see Wiesenfeld-Hallin 1995). However, in these preparations, it is difficult to obtain detailed mechanistic explanations at the cellular and synaptic levels. Conversely, although detailed cellular information was obtained w ...
Article - Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
... subcerebral projection neurons in this layer (Arlotta et al., 2005) (Figures 1G, 1H, and 1J–J00 ). Each subtype of CFu neurons, therefore, has a characteristic combinatorial expression of the transcription factors SOX5, CTIP2, and TBR1: (1) SP neurons express an intermediate level of SOX5, a high le ...
... subcerebral projection neurons in this layer (Arlotta et al., 2005) (Figures 1G, 1H, and 1J–J00 ). Each subtype of CFu neurons, therefore, has a characteristic combinatorial expression of the transcription factors SOX5, CTIP2, and TBR1: (1) SP neurons express an intermediate level of SOX5, a high le ...
Neuroscience: Science of the Brain
... The brain described in our booklet can do a lot but not everything. It has nerve cells - its building blocks - and these are connected together in networks. These networks are in a constant state of electrical and chemical activity. The brain we describe can see and feel. It can sense pain and its c ...
... The brain described in our booklet can do a lot but not everything. It has nerve cells - its building blocks - and these are connected together in networks. These networks are in a constant state of electrical and chemical activity. The brain we describe can see and feel. It can sense pain and its c ...
Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal
... Carter, 2013). However, the overall influence of BLA inputs could be inhibitory if connections are stronger onto local GABAergic interneurons. The PFC also possesses a variety of GABAergic interneurons, which have distinct morphological and physiological properties, including parvalbumin (PV) and so ...
... Carter, 2013). However, the overall influence of BLA inputs could be inhibitory if connections are stronger onto local GABAergic interneurons. The PFC also possesses a variety of GABAergic interneurons, which have distinct morphological and physiological properties, including parvalbumin (PV) and so ...
Science - Princeton University
... visual receptive fielcls which were very large (greclter than 10 by 10 degrees) and alnzost alwciys iizcluded the fovea. Some extended well into both halves o f the visual fielcl, while others were coizfiized to the ipsilateral or coiztralateral side. These nezrrolis were diflerentially seizsitive t ...
... visual receptive fielcls which were very large (greclter than 10 by 10 degrees) and alnzost alwciys iizcluded the fovea. Some extended well into both halves o f the visual fielcl, while others were coizfiized to the ipsilateral or coiztralateral side. These nezrrolis were diflerentially seizsitive t ...
Pathophysiology of Pain
... The detection of tissue damage by specialized transducers connected to A-delta and C-fibers ...
... The detection of tissue damage by specialized transducers connected to A-delta and C-fibers ...
PathophysiologyofPain23
... The detection of tissue damage by specialized transducers connected to A-delta and C-fibers ...
... The detection of tissue damage by specialized transducers connected to A-delta and C-fibers ...
1 Platonic model of mind as an approximation to neurodynamics
... Quantum mechanics has been very successful in description of normal matter giving detailed description of interactions of atoms and molecules. Some authors, such as Penrose [28], Stapp [29] or Eccles [30] argue that without quantum mechanics we cannot understand the unity of human experience. This ...
... Quantum mechanics has been very successful in description of normal matter giving detailed description of interactions of atoms and molecules. Some authors, such as Penrose [28], Stapp [29] or Eccles [30] argue that without quantum mechanics we cannot understand the unity of human experience. This ...
PDF
... vicinity of the cell body have approximately the same diameters for type I and type I1 neurons, but the axons of type I1 neurons gradually taper as they project into the auditory nerve (Fig. 2A). There is clearly dichotomy in the diameters of the axons 100 pm from the cell body: axons of type I neur ...
... vicinity of the cell body have approximately the same diameters for type I and type I1 neurons, but the axons of type I1 neurons gradually taper as they project into the auditory nerve (Fig. 2A). There is clearly dichotomy in the diameters of the axons 100 pm from the cell body: axons of type I neur ...
Invited Paper Neural networks in engineering D.T. Pham Intelligent
... applications in the major engineering disciplines and presents some recent applications investigated in the author's laboratory. Introduction Neural networks are computational models of the brain. There are over 50 different neural network models, some based more closely on current understanding of ...
... applications in the major engineering disciplines and presents some recent applications investigated in the author's laboratory. Introduction Neural networks are computational models of the brain. There are over 50 different neural network models, some based more closely on current understanding of ...
Materials - Web Adventures
... that are not covered with myelin. Electrical impulses travel faster in neurons with myelin. Once an electrical impulse reaches a synaptic terminal, it stimulates the neuron to release chemicals called neurotransmitters into the gap (synapse) between cells. A neuron can make one or more different typ ...
... that are not covered with myelin. Electrical impulses travel faster in neurons with myelin. Once an electrical impulse reaches a synaptic terminal, it stimulates the neuron to release chemicals called neurotransmitters into the gap (synapse) between cells. A neuron can make one or more different typ ...
Gross Appearance of Cerebellum
... Connections and Function of Cerebellum Paleocerebellum 旧小脑 (Spinocerebellum 脊髓小脑) ...
... Connections and Function of Cerebellum Paleocerebellum 旧小脑 (Spinocerebellum 脊髓小脑) ...
Caffeine promotes glutamate and histamine release in the posterior
... Immunostaining of Adenosine Deaminase and c-Fos After 1 wk of handling, a separate group of rats was given caffeine intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg in 1 ml of sterile saline, n ⫽ 4) at 12:00 PM. A control group was similarly handled and received an equal volume of saline (n ⫽ 3). Ninety minutes after ca ...
... Immunostaining of Adenosine Deaminase and c-Fos After 1 wk of handling, a separate group of rats was given caffeine intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg in 1 ml of sterile saline, n ⫽ 4) at 12:00 PM. A control group was similarly handled and received an equal volume of saline (n ⫽ 3). Ninety minutes after ca ...
Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the
... Category selectivity was assessed with one-way ANOVAs with three levels: “Monkey,” “Human,” and “Object.” Significant results are reported based on P ⬍ 0.05 level, unless stated otherwise. Bonferroni–Dunn post hoc tests (also at P ⬍ 0.05) were used to determine which category of stimuli for which ea ...
... Category selectivity was assessed with one-way ANOVAs with three levels: “Monkey,” “Human,” and “Object.” Significant results are reported based on P ⬍ 0.05 level, unless stated otherwise. Bonferroni–Dunn post hoc tests (also at P ⬍ 0.05) were used to determine which category of stimuli for which ea ...
Biological Foundations of Behaviour
... Many axons that transmit information throughout the brain and spinal cord are covered by a tubelike myelin sheath, a fatty, whitish insulation layer derived from glial cells during development. The myelin sheath is interrupted at regular intervals by the nodes of Ranvier, where the myelin is either ...
... Many axons that transmit information throughout the brain and spinal cord are covered by a tubelike myelin sheath, a fatty, whitish insulation layer derived from glial cells during development. The myelin sheath is interrupted at regular intervals by the nodes of Ranvier, where the myelin is either ...
Spatial tuning of reaching activity in the medial parieto
... To further minimize the role of vision during reaching, the brightness of the LED was reduced so that it was barely visible during the task. Indeed, the experimenter could not see the monkey hand approaching the target, even in dark-adapted conditions. ...
... To further minimize the role of vision during reaching, the brightness of the LED was reduced so that it was barely visible during the task. Indeed, the experimenter could not see the monkey hand approaching the target, even in dark-adapted conditions. ...
Document
... Inhibitory neurotransmitters cause hyperpolarization. (e.g., GABA and glycine) More negative than the resting membrane potential. Less likely to undergo AP. ...
... Inhibitory neurotransmitters cause hyperpolarization. (e.g., GABA and glycine) More negative than the resting membrane potential. Less likely to undergo AP. ...
Recounting the impact of Hubel and Wiesel
... some understanding of the part each stage plays in visual perception.’ This introductory paragraph alone should have drawn the attention of any psychologist interested in the brain and any physiologist interested in the successive processing at higher and higher levels within the brain. As indicated ...
... some understanding of the part each stage plays in visual perception.’ This introductory paragraph alone should have drawn the attention of any psychologist interested in the brain and any physiologist interested in the successive processing at higher and higher levels within the brain. As indicated ...
ELECTRODEPOSITION OF ALLOYS, 1930 TO 1940.1 By Ci
... (0.8 mg iv) and artificially ventilated with O2-enriched air. End tidal CO2 was monitored and maintained between 4 and 5% by varying the ventilator frequency. The left cervical vagus nerve was then cut. A partial occipital craniotomy was performed to expose the dorsal surface of the medulla. Adequac ...
... (0.8 mg iv) and artificially ventilated with O2-enriched air. End tidal CO2 was monitored and maintained between 4 and 5% by varying the ventilator frequency. The left cervical vagus nerve was then cut. A partial occipital craniotomy was performed to expose the dorsal surface of the medulla. Adequac ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.