Evidence of a Specific Spinal Pathway for the
... The STT and trigeminothalamic tract are commonly considered the most important pathways for signaling painful stimuli. In contrast, in animal studies, based on antidromic activation of trigeminothalamic (Craig and Dostrovsky 1991; Price et al. 1978) or spinothalamic cells (Christensen and Perl 1970; ...
... The STT and trigeminothalamic tract are commonly considered the most important pathways for signaling painful stimuli. In contrast, in animal studies, based on antidromic activation of trigeminothalamic (Craig and Dostrovsky 1991; Price et al. 1978) or spinothalamic cells (Christensen and Perl 1970; ...
Evidence of a Specific Spinal Pathway for the Sense of Warmth in
... The STT and trigeminothalamic tract are commonly considered the most important pathways for signaling painful stimuli. In contrast, in animal studies, based on antidromic activation of trigeminothalamic (Craig and Dostrovsky 1991; Price et al. 1978) or spinothalamic cells (Christensen and Perl 1970; ...
... The STT and trigeminothalamic tract are commonly considered the most important pathways for signaling painful stimuli. In contrast, in animal studies, based on antidromic activation of trigeminothalamic (Craig and Dostrovsky 1991; Price et al. 1978) or spinothalamic cells (Christensen and Perl 1970; ...
Deep Tendon Reflex
... affect the efferent fibers either directly or indirectly via interneurons. When the reflex arc involves only one synapse, this is referred to as monosynaptic reflex arc. ...
... affect the efferent fibers either directly or indirectly via interneurons. When the reflex arc involves only one synapse, this is referred to as monosynaptic reflex arc. ...
Ch. 3 S. 1
... Consists of the neurons of the spinal cord and the brain. The _____________________ extends from the brain down the back. It is a column of nerves about as thick as a ______________, and it is protected by the bones of the spine. It transmits messages between the brain and the muscles and the ______ ...
... Consists of the neurons of the spinal cord and the brain. The _____________________ extends from the brain down the back. It is a column of nerves about as thick as a ______________, and it is protected by the bones of the spine. It transmits messages between the brain and the muscles and the ______ ...
Adrenergic System
... 2) Careful comparison of potency with series of agonists and antagonists. 3) Molecular biology provides a new approach by making possible the discovery and expression of genes that code for related receptors. So, by these means it was found that there are two types of adrenergic receptors: Alpha and ...
... 2) Careful comparison of potency with series of agonists and antagonists. 3) Molecular biology provides a new approach by making possible the discovery and expression of genes that code for related receptors. So, by these means it was found that there are two types of adrenergic receptors: Alpha and ...
ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels in the Brain: Sensors of
... ATP/ADP ratio in --cells to close the channels, depolarizing the plasma membrane and activating the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, allowing Ca2+ influx to induce exocytosis of insulin. The sulfonylureas used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus also close the KATP channels to stimulate insulin se ...
... ATP/ADP ratio in --cells to close the channels, depolarizing the plasma membrane and activating the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, allowing Ca2+ influx to induce exocytosis of insulin. The sulfonylureas used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus also close the KATP channels to stimulate insulin se ...
UNIVERSITY OF MALTA
... channels gives rise to low threshold Ca2+ potentials and associated high frequency bursts of action potentials that are present during sleep spindles and delta wave. In addition, the window component of the T-type current is essential for the generation of the slow (< 1Hz) oscillation (Hughes et al. ...
... channels gives rise to low threshold Ca2+ potentials and associated high frequency bursts of action potentials that are present during sleep spindles and delta wave. In addition, the window component of the T-type current is essential for the generation of the slow (< 1Hz) oscillation (Hughes et al. ...
Primary afferent neurons of the gut
... afferents. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver. Physiol. 2001, 280: G797 – G794. Gebhart G.F. Pathobiology of visceral pain: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. IV. Visceral afferent contributions to the pathobiology of visceral pain. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver. Physiol. 2000 ...
... afferents. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver. Physiol. 2001, 280: G797 – G794. Gebhart G.F. Pathobiology of visceral pain: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. IV. Visceral afferent contributions to the pathobiology of visceral pain. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver. Physiol. 2000 ...
Role of motor cortex in voluntary movements Eye
... • Supply the axial (medial) and distal (lateral) musculature. ...
... • Supply the axial (medial) and distal (lateral) musculature. ...
Neuron communication
... • First, neurotransmitters are received by the dendrites. • Then, the information is processed by the soma. • Next, an action potential occurs, sending information down the axon. • Finally, neurotransmitters are released at the axon terminal for the next neuron to ...
... • First, neurotransmitters are received by the dendrites. • Then, the information is processed by the soma. • Next, an action potential occurs, sending information down the axon. • Finally, neurotransmitters are released at the axon terminal for the next neuron to ...
Review (11/01/16)
... • In the central sensitization "wind-up", which statements are true? A. In addition to glutamate, the release of substance P by C fibers also plays an important role in wind-up. B. The activation of NMDA leads to the opening of ...
... • In the central sensitization "wind-up", which statements are true? A. In addition to glutamate, the release of substance P by C fibers also plays an important role in wind-up. B. The activation of NMDA leads to the opening of ...
Ch. 3 S. 1
... Messages are sent from the axon terminals of one neuron to the dendrites of other neurons. In order for a message to be sent from one neuron to another neuron, it must cross the synapse. The synapse is a junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron. Messages ...
... Messages are sent from the axon terminals of one neuron to the dendrites of other neurons. In order for a message to be sent from one neuron to another neuron, it must cross the synapse. The synapse is a junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron. Messages ...
Auditory physiology chapter
... (Notice that the pressure version of the decibel formula is being used here rather than the intensity version. That is because the lever advantage produces an increase in force and, therefore, pressure.) If this 2.3 dB pressure amplification is added to the 25.4 dB that is produced by the condensati ...
... (Notice that the pressure version of the decibel formula is being used here rather than the intensity version. That is because the lever advantage produces an increase in force and, therefore, pressure.) If this 2.3 dB pressure amplification is added to the 25.4 dB that is produced by the condensati ...
Motor System: Reflexes, Pyramidal Tract and Basal Ganglia
... go to ventral horn and activate interneurons which inhibit (glycinergic) alpha motor neurons (opposite of muscle spindle effect; negative feedback); higher threshold than for muscle spindle ...
... go to ventral horn and activate interneurons which inhibit (glycinergic) alpha motor neurons (opposite of muscle spindle effect; negative feedback); higher threshold than for muscle spindle ...
The Motor System of the Cortex and the Brain Stem
... that acts on bones and other structures. Intrafusal fibers also produce force, but they are much smaller than extrafusal fibers and the level of force that they produce is negligible in comparison. Instead, intrafusal fibers play a sensory role. They contain muscle spindles which, innervated by musc ...
... that acts on bones and other structures. Intrafusal fibers also produce force, but they are much smaller than extrafusal fibers and the level of force that they produce is negligible in comparison. Instead, intrafusal fibers play a sensory role. They contain muscle spindles which, innervated by musc ...
Proper migration and axon outgrowth of zebrafish
... zebrafish embryo. As expected from rat and chicken studies, zebrafish MDGA transcripts are expressed in distinct interneuron subpopulations within the dorsal and mediolateral part of the embryonic spinal cord (Fig. 1A–C). MDGA1 and MDGA2B transcripts can be observed at regions where dorsal commissur ...
... zebrafish embryo. As expected from rat and chicken studies, zebrafish MDGA transcripts are expressed in distinct interneuron subpopulations within the dorsal and mediolateral part of the embryonic spinal cord (Fig. 1A–C). MDGA1 and MDGA2B transcripts can be observed at regions where dorsal commissur ...
video slide - Buena Park High School
... Figure 48.11a, b (a) Membrane selectively permeable to K+ Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Figure 48.11a, b (a) Membrane selectively permeable to K+ Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Classic Vs. Functional Movement Approach In Physical Therapy
... remember the body moves in the path of least resistance, they could become hypermobile in lumbar spine ...
... remember the body moves in the path of least resistance, they could become hypermobile in lumbar spine ...
text - Systems Neuroscience Course, MEDS 371, Univ. Conn. Health
... CNS before reaching cerebral cortex stop in the thalamus. Thalamus is an integration center- it receives reciprocal connections from the cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia. It contains several groups of nuclei that are designated for various functions (see Table at the end of the syllabus). Nuclei ...
... CNS before reaching cerebral cortex stop in the thalamus. Thalamus is an integration center- it receives reciprocal connections from the cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia. It contains several groups of nuclei that are designated for various functions (see Table at the end of the syllabus). Nuclei ...
Betz et al
... Isometric tension recordings were made by attaching one tendon of a muscle to a transducer (Grass FTO3). The other tendon was pinned to the bottom of a Sylgard-lined dish. The resting length of the muscle was adjusted for maximal twitch responses. Motor units were counted from tension increments by ...
... Isometric tension recordings were made by attaching one tendon of a muscle to a transducer (Grass FTO3). The other tendon was pinned to the bottom of a Sylgard-lined dish. The resting length of the muscle was adjusted for maximal twitch responses. Motor units were counted from tension increments by ...
16_QuizShowQuestions
... RAS produces the most profound and longlasting effects on the cerebral cortex. ...
... RAS produces the most profound and longlasting effects on the cerebral cortex. ...
CHAPTER 11: NERVOUS SYSTEM II: DIVISIONS OF THE
... Most basic functions (sensory & motor) are equally controlled by both left & right hemispheres (remember communication exists through corpus callosum). o However, for some association functions, one hemisphere has greater control over language-related activities including speech, writing, reading, m ...
... Most basic functions (sensory & motor) are equally controlled by both left & right hemispheres (remember communication exists through corpus callosum). o However, for some association functions, one hemisphere has greater control over language-related activities including speech, writing, reading, m ...
Autonomic_notes
... Higher level control of ANS What higher brain centers control the ANS? Hypothalamus oversees autonomic centers in pons (respiratory control) and medulla (many autonomic functions including respiration, heart, blood vessels, swallow, cough, etc). Medulla controls autonomic outflow from spinal cord an ...
... Higher level control of ANS What higher brain centers control the ANS? Hypothalamus oversees autonomic centers in pons (respiratory control) and medulla (many autonomic functions including respiration, heart, blood vessels, swallow, cough, etc). Medulla controls autonomic outflow from spinal cord an ...
Vegetative nervous system
... The hypothalamus is the central brain structure involved in emotions and drives that act through the ANS. The brainstem nuclei in the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata mediate visceral reflexes. Reflex centers control accommodation of the lens, blood pressure changes, blood vessel diameter ...
... The hypothalamus is the central brain structure involved in emotions and drives that act through the ANS. The brainstem nuclei in the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata mediate visceral reflexes. Reflex centers control accommodation of the lens, blood pressure changes, blood vessel diameter ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.