lou gehrig`s disease - Infoscience
... for slow Wallerian degeneration) that has a natural mechanism of axonal protection because the animal’s DNA has an unusual fusion of two different genes. This genetic sequence codes for a chimeric protein that includes a peptide, or protein fragment, that is essential to the cellular garbage-disposa ...
... for slow Wallerian degeneration) that has a natural mechanism of axonal protection because the animal’s DNA has an unusual fusion of two different genes. This genetic sequence codes for a chimeric protein that includes a peptide, or protein fragment, that is essential to the cellular garbage-disposa ...
Lecture #6 Notes
... organization, cortical receptive field, dorsal columns, anterolateral tracts, thalamus, medial lemniscus, tonic, phasic, basal ganglia, cerebellum, motor cortex, pre-motor cortex, brain stem, bulbar motor nuclei, vestibular nuclei, pyramidal tracts, corticospinal tract, extrapyramidal tracts, dorsol ...
... organization, cortical receptive field, dorsal columns, anterolateral tracts, thalamus, medial lemniscus, tonic, phasic, basal ganglia, cerebellum, motor cortex, pre-motor cortex, brain stem, bulbar motor nuclei, vestibular nuclei, pyramidal tracts, corticospinal tract, extrapyramidal tracts, dorsol ...
extra pyramidal system
... • The term extrapyramidal motor system is denote all those portions of the brain and brain stem that contribute to motor control but are not part of the direct corticospinalpyramidal system. • These include pathways through the basal ganglia, the reticular formation of the brain stem, the vestibula ...
... • The term extrapyramidal motor system is denote all those portions of the brain and brain stem that contribute to motor control but are not part of the direct corticospinalpyramidal system. • These include pathways through the basal ganglia, the reticular formation of the brain stem, the vestibula ...
Chapter 12 – The Nervous System ()
... positively charged sodium ions move into the cell and neutralize the negative charges which are inside. The outside of the membrane now becomes negative while the inside becomes positive. This change in charge is called the action ...
... positively charged sodium ions move into the cell and neutralize the negative charges which are inside. The outside of the membrane now becomes negative while the inside becomes positive. This change in charge is called the action ...
Lec:2
... relaxation due to resistance followed by relaxation. 2. Clonus: regular, rhythmic contraction of a hypertonic muscle that is subjected to sudden sustained passive stretch. It is due to increased gamma efferent discharge. Best example in Ankle Clonus, when dorsiflex the foot there will be rhythmic pl ...
... relaxation due to resistance followed by relaxation. 2. Clonus: regular, rhythmic contraction of a hypertonic muscle that is subjected to sudden sustained passive stretch. It is due to increased gamma efferent discharge. Best example in Ankle Clonus, when dorsiflex the foot there will be rhythmic pl ...
Cellular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory
... gene activated by CREB encodes a ubiquitin hydrolase, which in turn cause persistent activity of PKA. The second gene activated by CREB encodes another transcription factor C/EBP. This binds to the DNA response element CAAT, which activates genes that encode proteins important for the growth of new ...
... gene activated by CREB encodes a ubiquitin hydrolase, which in turn cause persistent activity of PKA. The second gene activated by CREB encodes another transcription factor C/EBP. This binds to the DNA response element CAAT, which activates genes that encode proteins important for the growth of new ...
Nervous System PPT notes
... • Neurons are grouped according to the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the CNS • Based on this, there are sensory, motor & association ...
... • Neurons are grouped according to the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the CNS • Based on this, there are sensory, motor & association ...
Slide 1 - Elsevier Store
... microstimulation appears below. The apparent gap in response reflects the brief period during which V4 recording was paused while current was injected into FEF, when, for technical reasons, the stimulating current interfered with the ability to record action potentials. Following stimulation, the V4 ...
... microstimulation appears below. The apparent gap in response reflects the brief period during which V4 recording was paused while current was injected into FEF, when, for technical reasons, the stimulating current interfered with the ability to record action potentials. Following stimulation, the V4 ...
Neurophysiology/sensory physiology Lect. Dr. Zahid M. kadhim
... increased, activation of receptors with higher threshold, because of overlap and interdigitation of one receptive unit with another, receptors of other units are also stimulated, and consequently more units fire. Duration and adaptation If a stimulus of constant strength is maintained on a sensory r ...
... increased, activation of receptors with higher threshold, because of overlap and interdigitation of one receptive unit with another, receptors of other units are also stimulated, and consequently more units fire. Duration and adaptation If a stimulus of constant strength is maintained on a sensory r ...
Magnetic muscle stimulation produces fatigue without effort
... patients’ muscles. Thus the technique provides a noninvasive, well-tolerated way to determine human muscle properties, in particular, endurance. A measure of endurance, the time for force to fall by 30%, had acceptable reliability between days. Other muscle properties that were not measured but coul ...
... patients’ muscles. Thus the technique provides a noninvasive, well-tolerated way to determine human muscle properties, in particular, endurance. A measure of endurance, the time for force to fall by 30%, had acceptable reliability between days. Other muscle properties that were not measured but coul ...
Chapter 2 - Safford Unified School
... 1. Regarding neurons, which of the following is NOT true? A) Each is a single nerve cell. B) They transmit electrical impulses. C) They contain genetic material. D) They are the only cells found in the nervous system. E) They come in three types – motor, sensory, and interneuron. ...
... 1. Regarding neurons, which of the following is NOT true? A) Each is a single nerve cell. B) They transmit electrical impulses. C) They contain genetic material. D) They are the only cells found in the nervous system. E) They come in three types – motor, sensory, and interneuron. ...
Peripheral Nervous System
... located at the top of the brain. The cerebrum interprets information from the senses, controls the skeletal muscles, and carries out processes like judging, remembering, and learning. The cerebrum is divided into the right and left cerebrum. Each half has its own functions. The right cerebrum receiv ...
... located at the top of the brain. The cerebrum interprets information from the senses, controls the skeletal muscles, and carries out processes like judging, remembering, and learning. The cerebrum is divided into the right and left cerebrum. Each half has its own functions. The right cerebrum receiv ...
A4a - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... neuron; instead, stimulation produces transient postsynaptic membrane potential change: A. EXCITATORY synapses – postsinaptinė membrana depoliarizuojama (excitatory postsynaptic potential). ...
... neuron; instead, stimulation produces transient postsynaptic membrane potential change: A. EXCITATORY synapses – postsinaptinė membrana depoliarizuojama (excitatory postsynaptic potential). ...
chemical senses - (canvas.brown.edu).
... T F 9. A patient who complains that food suddenly tastes bland may actually have damage to the olfactory pathways. T F 10. Like other neurons, olfactory receptors are never generated in adulthood. T F 11. Individual gustatory receptor cells respond in association with more than one of the primary gu ...
... T F 9. A patient who complains that food suddenly tastes bland may actually have damage to the olfactory pathways. T F 10. Like other neurons, olfactory receptors are never generated in adulthood. T F 11. Individual gustatory receptor cells respond in association with more than one of the primary gu ...
THE SENSORIMOTOR SYSTEM (p.l) 1. Introduction Like the
... and are changed by the amount of prior practice/learning note: Ballistic movements (fast, brief, well-practiced) do not require sensory feedback (e.g. swatting a fly) note: much of sensory feedback in unconscious (e.g. proprioception) note: during initial phases of motor learning, performance is und ...
... and are changed by the amount of prior practice/learning note: Ballistic movements (fast, brief, well-practiced) do not require sensory feedback (e.g. swatting a fly) note: much of sensory feedback in unconscious (e.g. proprioception) note: during initial phases of motor learning, performance is und ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Nerves and ganglia outside the central nervous system Nerve = bundle of neuron fibers Neuron fibers are bundled by connective tissue; one fiber = 1 axon or cell Endoneurium surrounds each fiber, just outside of Schwann cells Groups of fibers are bound into fascicles by perineurium Fascic ...
... Nerves and ganglia outside the central nervous system Nerve = bundle of neuron fibers Neuron fibers are bundled by connective tissue; one fiber = 1 axon or cell Endoneurium surrounds each fiber, just outside of Schwann cells Groups of fibers are bound into fascicles by perineurium Fascic ...
PTA 106 Unit 1 Lecture 1B Structural and Functional areas of the
... stored in the brain. It is thought that this determination is based on how huge an emotional response an event invokes. Believed to act as an interface between limibic system, cerebum, and other sensory areas. – Clinical concerns: Autism, Depression, Narcolepsy, Posttraumatic stress disorder, and Ph ...
... stored in the brain. It is thought that this determination is based on how huge an emotional response an event invokes. Believed to act as an interface between limibic system, cerebum, and other sensory areas. – Clinical concerns: Autism, Depression, Narcolepsy, Posttraumatic stress disorder, and Ph ...
OTTO LOEWI
... For example, the force of contraction and heart rate increase when the so-called sympathetic division is activated (by electrically stimulating the ganglionar nerves which innervate the heart, for example). In contrast, they are decreased when the vagus nerve, which conduits the so-called parasympat ...
... For example, the force of contraction and heart rate increase when the so-called sympathetic division is activated (by electrically stimulating the ganglionar nerves which innervate the heart, for example). In contrast, they are decreased when the vagus nerve, which conduits the so-called parasympat ...
Nose, Nerve – Atrophy
... Figure Legend: Figure 1 Nose, Nerve - Atrophy in a female F344/N rat from a subchronic study. The olfactory nerves in the lamina propria are small and decreased in number (arrows), and there is loss of cells in the olfactory epithelium. Figure 2 Nose, Nerve - Atrophy in a female F344/N rat from a su ...
... Figure Legend: Figure 1 Nose, Nerve - Atrophy in a female F344/N rat from a subchronic study. The olfactory nerves in the lamina propria are small and decreased in number (arrows), and there is loss of cells in the olfactory epithelium. Figure 2 Nose, Nerve - Atrophy in a female F344/N rat from a su ...
2) Classical Conditioning
... conditioned response but another does not (when an organism responds differently to two stimuli). To set up discrimination in the laboratory, a researcher creates a situation in which the two stimuli predict different things. For example, if a bell tone were the conditioned stimulus, discrimination ...
... conditioned response but another does not (when an organism responds differently to two stimuli). To set up discrimination in the laboratory, a researcher creates a situation in which the two stimuli predict different things. For example, if a bell tone were the conditioned stimulus, discrimination ...
Chapter 3
... dopamine neutotransmitter and dopamine neurons in several brain areas. Antipsychotic drugs inhibit the effects of dopamine in the brain, reducing the over- reaction to it. • Depression, probably the most common psychological disturbance, appears to be related to 2 neurotransmitters: norepinephrine a ...
... dopamine neutotransmitter and dopamine neurons in several brain areas. Antipsychotic drugs inhibit the effects of dopamine in the brain, reducing the over- reaction to it. • Depression, probably the most common psychological disturbance, appears to be related to 2 neurotransmitters: norepinephrine a ...
Human Physiology/The Nervous System
... axon hillock is also the part of the neuron that has the greatest density of voltage-dependent sodium channels. This makes it the most easily-excited part of the neuron and the spike initiation zone for the axon: in neurological terms it has the greatest hyperpolarized action potential threshold. Wh ...
... axon hillock is also the part of the neuron that has the greatest density of voltage-dependent sodium channels. This makes it the most easily-excited part of the neuron and the spike initiation zone for the axon: in neurological terms it has the greatest hyperpolarized action potential threshold. Wh ...
Saladin 5e Extended Outline
... back and gives rise to nerves of the limbs. i. The anterior rami vary from one region to another; in the thoracic region it forms an intercostal nerve, and in all other regions form the nerve plexuses. ii. The anterior ramus also gives off a pair of communicating rami that connect with a string of s ...
... back and gives rise to nerves of the limbs. i. The anterior rami vary from one region to another; in the thoracic region it forms an intercostal nerve, and in all other regions form the nerve plexuses. ii. The anterior ramus also gives off a pair of communicating rami that connect with a string of s ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.