The Time Course and Amplitude of EPSPs Evoked at Synapses
... synapses cannot be obtained from this technique, nor can details of convergence of CA3 pyramidal neurons onto single CA1 neurons or of divergence of CA3 neurons into the CA1 field. A knowledge of the amplitudes and time courses of EPSPs evoked at connections formed between single CA3 and CA1 neurons ...
... synapses cannot be obtained from this technique, nor can details of convergence of CA3 pyramidal neurons onto single CA1 neurons or of divergence of CA3 neurons into the CA1 field. A knowledge of the amplitudes and time courses of EPSPs evoked at connections formed between single CA3 and CA1 neurons ...
The neural basis of puberty and adolescence
... Identification of master regulatory genes directing the unique maturational component of the first and most important transition to fertility remains an unsolved part of the puberty mystery. Sex differences in the timing of puberty Males and females often initiate and end puberty at different times, ...
... Identification of master regulatory genes directing the unique maturational component of the first and most important transition to fertility remains an unsolved part of the puberty mystery. Sex differences in the timing of puberty Males and females often initiate and end puberty at different times, ...
This file has Chapter II: Structural differentiation of the brain • Neural
... Alvarez-Bolado, G. & Swanson, L.W. (1996) Developmental brain maps ...
... Alvarez-Bolado, G. & Swanson, L.W. (1996) Developmental brain maps ...
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC
... PWS, but no one knows which gene is important for normal body weight. One of the inactivated genes is called MAGEL2. We previously found that mice missing the equivalent mouse gene, named Magel2, have more fat and are overweight compared to mice with an intact Magel2 gene. In other forms of genetic ...
... PWS, but no one knows which gene is important for normal body weight. One of the inactivated genes is called MAGEL2. We previously found that mice missing the equivalent mouse gene, named Magel2, have more fat and are overweight compared to mice with an intact Magel2 gene. In other forms of genetic ...
Organization of the Macaque Extrastriate Visual Cortex Re
... function. J Neurophysiol 105: 305–320, 2011. First published November 10, 2010; doi:10.1152/jn.00795.2010. How is the macaque monkey extrastriate cortex organized? Is vision divisible into separate tasks, such as object recognition and spatial processing, each emphasized in a different anatomical st ...
... function. J Neurophysiol 105: 305–320, 2011. First published November 10, 2010; doi:10.1152/jn.00795.2010. How is the macaque monkey extrastriate cortex organized? Is vision divisible into separate tasks, such as object recognition and spatial processing, each emphasized in a different anatomical st ...
PVLV: The Primary Value and Learned Value
... stimulus; US) and learns to expect the occurrence of a given US, thereby inhibiting the dopamine burst that would otherwise occur for it. The LV system learns about conditioned stimuli that are reliably associated with primary rewards, and it drives phasic dopamine burst firing at the time of CS ons ...
... stimulus; US) and learns to expect the occurrence of a given US, thereby inhibiting the dopamine burst that would otherwise occur for it. The LV system learns about conditioned stimuli that are reliably associated with primary rewards, and it drives phasic dopamine burst firing at the time of CS ons ...
pdf
... heart, and the muscles of the neck, face, and jaw. EEG recordings were visually inspected on a high-resolution screen, and epochs containing visible artifacts were marked and ignored for ensuing analysis. Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) (31) was used to estimat ...
... heart, and the muscles of the neck, face, and jaw. EEG recordings were visually inspected on a high-resolution screen, and epochs containing visible artifacts were marked and ignored for ensuing analysis. Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) (31) was used to estimat ...
Picture 2.12. Some of the more often used neuron`s
... valid from the point of view of tasks we want to entrust them within built networks, being the computer science tools, rather than biology models. Firstly, they are characterised by having many inputs and one output. The input signals xi (i = 1,2,…,n) and the output signal y may take on only numer ...
... valid from the point of view of tasks we want to entrust them within built networks, being the computer science tools, rather than biology models. Firstly, they are characterised by having many inputs and one output. The input signals xi (i = 1,2,…,n) and the output signal y may take on only numer ...
Dopamine: a potential substrate for synaptic plasticity and memory
... It is only recently that a number of studies on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and other brain areas have considered that a heterosynaptic modulatory input could be recruited as well as the coincident firing of pre- and post-synaptic neurons. So far, the strongest evidence for such a regulat ...
... It is only recently that a number of studies on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and other brain areas have considered that a heterosynaptic modulatory input could be recruited as well as the coincident firing of pre- and post-synaptic neurons. So far, the strongest evidence for such a regulat ...
Cerebellar Abnormalities Based on Chemical Neuroanatomy
... 5-HTergic fibers have been demonstrated immnohistochemically in the cerebellar cortex [4,56], and originated prominently from the lateral paragigantocellular reticular nucleus of medulla oblongata [4]. Cerebellar cortical neurons have been shown to express various types of 5-HTergic receptors such a ...
... 5-HTergic fibers have been demonstrated immnohistochemically in the cerebellar cortex [4,56], and originated prominently from the lateral paragigantocellular reticular nucleus of medulla oblongata [4]. Cerebellar cortical neurons have been shown to express various types of 5-HTergic receptors such a ...
PDF
... of potential threats—than to others. These stimuli receive extra attention because they activate a structure deep within the brain called the amygdala. The amygdala, which is named after the Greek word for ‘almond’ owing to its shape, receives input from the sensory areas of the brain, and sends out ...
... of potential threats—than to others. These stimuli receive extra attention because they activate a structure deep within the brain called the amygdala. The amygdala, which is named after the Greek word for ‘almond’ owing to its shape, receives input from the sensory areas of the brain, and sends out ...
Organization of the Macaque Extrastriate Visual Cortex Re
... function. J Neurophysiol 105: 305–320, 2011. First published November 10, 2010; doi:10.1152/jn.00795.2010. How is the macaque monkey extrastriate cortex organized? Is vision divisible into separate tasks, such as object recognition and spatial processing, each emphasized in a different anatomical st ...
... function. J Neurophysiol 105: 305–320, 2011. First published November 10, 2010; doi:10.1152/jn.00795.2010. How is the macaque monkey extrastriate cortex organized? Is vision divisible into separate tasks, such as object recognition and spatial processing, each emphasized in a different anatomical st ...
the cell biology of neurogenesis - MPI
... Figure 2 | Polarized features of neuroepithelial cells, radial glial cells and basal progenitors. The figure summarizes the polarized organization and interkinetic nuclear migration of neuroepithelial cells, radial glial cells and basal progenitors. a | In neuroepithelial cells, interkinetic nuclear ...
... Figure 2 | Polarized features of neuroepithelial cells, radial glial cells and basal progenitors. The figure summarizes the polarized organization and interkinetic nuclear migration of neuroepithelial cells, radial glial cells and basal progenitors. a | In neuroepithelial cells, interkinetic nuclear ...
Behavioral and Neural Changes after Gains and Losses of
... outcome (Gt ⫽ 1 for gain trials and 0 otherwise), Lt is a dummy variable for the loss outcome (Lt ⫽ 1 for loss trials and 0 otherwise), Rt is a dummy variable for the reward (Rt ⫽ 1 for rewarded trials and 0 otherwise), Assett is the number of tokens (0 to 5) possessed by the animal at the beginning ...
... outcome (Gt ⫽ 1 for gain trials and 0 otherwise), Lt is a dummy variable for the loss outcome (Lt ⫽ 1 for loss trials and 0 otherwise), Rt is a dummy variable for the reward (Rt ⫽ 1 for rewarded trials and 0 otherwise), Assett is the number of tokens (0 to 5) possessed by the animal at the beginning ...
The Isotropic Fractionator: A Fast, Reliable Method to Determine
... To circumvent these drawbacks, we created an alternative method: the isotropic fractionator (Herculano-Houzel and Lent, 2005), which estimates the total number of neuronal and nonneuronal cells independently from tissue volume and anisotropy, and can be applied to the whole brain or any dissectable ...
... To circumvent these drawbacks, we created an alternative method: the isotropic fractionator (Herculano-Houzel and Lent, 2005), which estimates the total number of neuronal and nonneuronal cells independently from tissue volume and anisotropy, and can be applied to the whole brain or any dissectable ...
an integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
... them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide ...
... them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide ...
serotonin
... in receptor–G protein coupling, initial functional studies have focused on the intracellular signaling properties of 5HT2C-receptor isoforms. These studies have shown that edited receptor isoforms couple less efficiently to Gq proteins, evidenced by lowered agonist potencies to activate phospholipas ...
... in receptor–G protein coupling, initial functional studies have focused on the intracellular signaling properties of 5HT2C-receptor isoforms. These studies have shown that edited receptor isoforms couple less efficiently to Gq proteins, evidenced by lowered agonist potencies to activate phospholipas ...
Previous studies have shown that there are a large variety of
... Local Input to Layer 6 Neurons JN-00974-2005.R1 tissue during slicing to minimize the skewing of the apical dendrite and neuron column to the plane of the slice. Second, we eliminated any cells that had apical dendrites that were angled more than 30° from the plane of the slice. Finally we did five ...
... Local Input to Layer 6 Neurons JN-00974-2005.R1 tissue during slicing to minimize the skewing of the apical dendrite and neuron column to the plane of the slice. Second, we eliminated any cells that had apical dendrites that were angled more than 30° from the plane of the slice. Finally we did five ...
Sympathetic Chain
... ganglia • Situation- opposite C2 &C3 Vertebrae behind ICA& infont of l. capitis • Receives pre ganglionic fibres mostly from upper three thracic segments • BRANCHES (all convey post ganglionic fibres & some sensory fibres) ...
... ganglia • Situation- opposite C2 &C3 Vertebrae behind ICA& infont of l. capitis • Receives pre ganglionic fibres mostly from upper three thracic segments • BRANCHES (all convey post ganglionic fibres & some sensory fibres) ...
The Octopus: A Model for a Comparative Analysis of the Evolution of
... Certain areas of the cephalopod brain are particularly interesting with respect to evolutionary convergence because they show a strikingly similar morphological organization to areas of the vertebrate brain that mediate similar functions. For example, the three cortical layers of the cephalopod opti ...
... Certain areas of the cephalopod brain are particularly interesting with respect to evolutionary convergence because they show a strikingly similar morphological organization to areas of the vertebrate brain that mediate similar functions. For example, the three cortical layers of the cephalopod opti ...
The Neuropathology of Huntington`s Disease
... The basal ganglia are integrated into a circular interconnected forebrain loop, which forms a cortical/basal ganglia/thalamus/cortical circuit (Nauta and Domesick 1984), (see Fig. 1). The cortex provides a major excitatory glutamatergic input to the caudate nucleus and putamen (Carpenter et al. 1976 ...
... The basal ganglia are integrated into a circular interconnected forebrain loop, which forms a cortical/basal ganglia/thalamus/cortical circuit (Nauta and Domesick 1984), (see Fig. 1). The cortex provides a major excitatory glutamatergic input to the caudate nucleus and putamen (Carpenter et al. 1976 ...
A neural implementation of Bayesian inference based on predictive
... Where x is a (m by 1) vector of input activations, e is a (m by 1) vector of error neuron activations; r is a (m by 1) vector of reconstruction neuron activations; y is a (n by 1) vector of prediction neuron activations; W is a (n by m) matrix of feedforward synaptic weight values; V is a (m by n) ...
... Where x is a (m by 1) vector of input activations, e is a (m by 1) vector of error neuron activations; r is a (m by 1) vector of reconstruction neuron activations; y is a (n by 1) vector of prediction neuron activations; W is a (n by m) matrix of feedforward synaptic weight values; V is a (m by n) ...
Cardiovascular depressor responses to stimulation of substantia
... SN and VTA were blocked by the peripheral and central administration of a DA antagonist, it was suggested that these responses were mediated by mesotelencephalic DA projections (11, 12, 24). However, the location of the neurons within the mesencephalon that may be responsible for these cardiovascula ...
... SN and VTA were blocked by the peripheral and central administration of a DA antagonist, it was suggested that these responses were mediated by mesotelencephalic DA projections (11, 12, 24). However, the location of the neurons within the mesencephalon that may be responsible for these cardiovascula ...
A neurocomputational model of the mammalian fear
... Chapter 2, Fear conditioning, introduces the topic of fear conditioning. The results of several classic fear conditioning experiments are presented. Chapter 3, Anatomy of the fear conditioning circuit, discusses the regions of the brain involved in the fear conditioning circuit. Their function, as i ...
... Chapter 2, Fear conditioning, introduces the topic of fear conditioning. The results of several classic fear conditioning experiments are presented. Chapter 3, Anatomy of the fear conditioning circuit, discusses the regions of the brain involved in the fear conditioning circuit. Their function, as i ...