(2012) Prediction of economic choice by primate amygdala neurons
... predict upcoming left or right eye movements, and it was independent of visual cue position or reaction time (Fig. 2 D, G, and H). Taken together, the neuron’s response predicted the behavioral choice to save or spend irrespective of value, action, and other measured choice parameters. Of 846 task-r ...
... predict upcoming left or right eye movements, and it was independent of visual cue position or reaction time (Fig. 2 D, G, and H). Taken together, the neuron’s response predicted the behavioral choice to save or spend irrespective of value, action, and other measured choice parameters. Of 846 task-r ...
Cholecystokinin Modulates Migration of
... GnRH-1 neurons, increasing the distance that the cells migrated. GnRH-1 neuronal migration in mice carrying a genetic deletion of either CCK-1R or CCK-2R receptor genes was also analyzed. At embryonic day 14.5, the total number of GnRH-1 cells was identical in wild-type and mutant mice; however, the ...
... GnRH-1 neurons, increasing the distance that the cells migrated. GnRH-1 neuronal migration in mice carrying a genetic deletion of either CCK-1R or CCK-2R receptor genes was also analyzed. At embryonic day 14.5, the total number of GnRH-1 cells was identical in wild-type and mutant mice; however, the ...
A Circuit for Detection of Interaural Time Differences in the Brain
... This both allowed measurement of spikes within the nucleus laminaris and obviated the difficulties of extracellular recordings in the nucleus laminaris. Action potentials from single neurons in the nucleus laminaris are masked by the overwhelming field potential termed the neurophonic (Sullivan and ...
... This both allowed measurement of spikes within the nucleus laminaris and obviated the difficulties of extracellular recordings in the nucleus laminaris. Action potentials from single neurons in the nucleus laminaris are masked by the overwhelming field potential termed the neurophonic (Sullivan and ...
The influence of current direction on phosphene
... Niehaus et al., 2000). We recently quantified motor threshold differences for both of these current directions. (Kammer et al., 2001). The aim of the present study was to quantify the differences in phosphene thresholds with different current directions. Furthermore, we asked how reliable the determ ...
... Niehaus et al., 2000). We recently quantified motor threshold differences for both of these current directions. (Kammer et al., 2001). The aim of the present study was to quantify the differences in phosphene thresholds with different current directions. Furthermore, we asked how reliable the determ ...
Changes in Intracellular pH Associated with Glutamate Excitotoxicity
... neurons, measurements were made intermittently at intervals greater than or equal to 60 sec. In addition, no attempt was made to calculate the internal neuronal buffering capacity for H+. Therefore, we were unable to calculate H+ flux rates. In order to compare the rates of recovery from internal ac ...
... neurons, measurements were made intermittently at intervals greater than or equal to 60 sec. In addition, no attempt was made to calculate the internal neuronal buffering capacity for H+. Therefore, we were unable to calculate H+ flux rates. In order to compare the rates of recovery from internal ac ...
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
... current is passed through a coil, a magnetic field is generated. If another coil or length of conductive material such as a nerve fibre is exposed to a changing magnetic field, a secondary electrical field is induced within the exposed coil or fibre. The size of the current induced depends on the st ...
... current is passed through a coil, a magnetic field is generated. If another coil or length of conductive material such as a nerve fibre is exposed to a changing magnetic field, a secondary electrical field is induced within the exposed coil or fibre. The size of the current induced depends on the st ...
Sensation
... An early stage of perception in which neurons in a receptor create an internal pattern of nerve impulses that represent the conditions that stimulated it – either inside or outside the body Perception – A process that makes sensory patterns meaningful and more elaborate Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2 ...
... An early stage of perception in which neurons in a receptor create an internal pattern of nerve impulses that represent the conditions that stimulated it – either inside or outside the body Perception – A process that makes sensory patterns meaningful and more elaborate Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2 ...
The Neural Foundations of Reaction and Action in Aversive Motivation
... internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes 1948; Rescorla and LoLordo 1965; Rescorla 1968; Lovibond 1983; Balleine and Dickinson 1998; Holland and Gallagher 2003; Niv et al. 2006). These responses are ...
... internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes 1948; Rescorla and LoLordo 1965; Rescorla 1968; Lovibond 1983; Balleine and Dickinson 1998; Holland and Gallagher 2003; Niv et al. 2006). These responses are ...
Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia
... visual cortex [48,49], this thalamic region also projects extensively to lateral aspects of the body and tail of the caudate and dorsolateral putamen [43,44,46,50] (Figure 2a). The relay in the lateral posterior thalamus provides a route by which subcortical visual input can be made directly availab ...
... visual cortex [48,49], this thalamic region also projects extensively to lateral aspects of the body and tail of the caudate and dorsolateral putamen [43,44,46,50] (Figure 2a). The relay in the lateral posterior thalamus provides a route by which subcortical visual input can be made directly availab ...
Pyramidal (Voluntary Motor) System
... Contrasting Upper Motor Neuron vs. Lower Motor Neuron Lesions Upper Motor Neuron: lesions of the pyramidal tract (corticospinal) results in spasticity, hyperreflexia, hypertonia, and positive Babinski sign Lower Motor Neuron: lesions of cell bodies of motor neurons (in cranial nerve motor nuclei or ...
... Contrasting Upper Motor Neuron vs. Lower Motor Neuron Lesions Upper Motor Neuron: lesions of the pyramidal tract (corticospinal) results in spasticity, hyperreflexia, hypertonia, and positive Babinski sign Lower Motor Neuron: lesions of cell bodies of motor neurons (in cranial nerve motor nuclei or ...
Structural and functional architecture of respiratory networks in the
... Figure 2. Transformations of respiratory rhythm and pattern following sequential brainstem transection in the in situ arterially perfused brainstem–spinal cord preparation from juvenile rat, revealing three rhythmic states of the respiratory network as the circuitry is progressively reduced. Top: pa ...
... Figure 2. Transformations of respiratory rhythm and pattern following sequential brainstem transection in the in situ arterially perfused brainstem–spinal cord preparation from juvenile rat, revealing three rhythmic states of the respiratory network as the circuitry is progressively reduced. Top: pa ...
Cellular Mechanisms in the Amygdala Involved in Memory
... Natural disaster can occur in all countries of the world. Now Japan suffers triple disasters: massive earthquake, vast tsunami and the world`s worst nuclear crisis. The victims with fear in their minds deeply might fall into fear-related disorders in future. Fear is a conserved emotion in response t ...
... Natural disaster can occur in all countries of the world. Now Japan suffers triple disasters: massive earthquake, vast tsunami and the world`s worst nuclear crisis. The victims with fear in their minds deeply might fall into fear-related disorders in future. Fear is a conserved emotion in response t ...
Temporal Patterning of Neural Progenitors in Drosophila
... elegans, were found to target chinmo to regulate the temporal identity of Drosophila mushroom body neurons (Wu, Chen, Mercer, & Sokol, 2012). Since Chinmo protein or Let-7 miRNAs are not detected in NBs, how the Chinmo gradient in neurons is regulated as the NB ages is not understood. Postembryonic ...
... elegans, were found to target chinmo to regulate the temporal identity of Drosophila mushroom body neurons (Wu, Chen, Mercer, & Sokol, 2012). Since Chinmo protein or Let-7 miRNAs are not detected in NBs, how the Chinmo gradient in neurons is regulated as the NB ages is not understood. Postembryonic ...
Cerebellar fastigial nucleus: from anatomic construction to
... cerebellar nuclei and short axons connecting only with neurons within the FN, respectively [1, 14]. Based on the transmitter phenotypes, glutamatergic, GABAergic as well as glycinergic neurons have been identified in the FN [1, 14, 15]. In addition, electrophysiological features (e.g. action potenti ...
... cerebellar nuclei and short axons connecting only with neurons within the FN, respectively [1, 14]. Based on the transmitter phenotypes, glutamatergic, GABAergic as well as glycinergic neurons have been identified in the FN [1, 14, 15]. In addition, electrophysiological features (e.g. action potenti ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... Communication by chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters. specific in each division of the autonomic nervous system Usually all organs are innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Maintains homeostasis through autonomic reflexes that occur in the innervated organs. ...
... Communication by chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters. specific in each division of the autonomic nervous system Usually all organs are innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Maintains homeostasis through autonomic reflexes that occur in the innervated organs. ...
Evolution of Patterning Systems and Circuit Elements for Locomotion
... The formation of bilaterian nervous systems is initiated through neural induction, a process where the neural plate is specified within a restricted region of ectoderm. In most species, neural induction involves bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling along the DV axis (De Robertis, 2008). Bmp si ...
... The formation of bilaterian nervous systems is initiated through neural induction, a process where the neural plate is specified within a restricted region of ectoderm. In most species, neural induction involves bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling along the DV axis (De Robertis, 2008). Bmp si ...
Presentation
... What fraction of regenerated serotonin axons survive long-term and do they attain normal morphology and spatial distribution? ~90% of the regenerated axons survive for 6 months after PCA treatment: They survive at the same rate as uninjured serotonin axons. Furthermore, their distribution and shape ...
... What fraction of regenerated serotonin axons survive long-term and do they attain normal morphology and spatial distribution? ~90% of the regenerated axons survive for 6 months after PCA treatment: They survive at the same rate as uninjured serotonin axons. Furthermore, their distribution and shape ...
Neurons, Brain Chemistry, and Neurotransmission
... from the balance outside the cell. This uneven distribution of ions creates an electrical potential across the cell membrane. This is called the resting membrane potential. In humans, the resting membrane potential ranges from –40 millivolts (mV) to –80 mV, with –65 mV as an average resting membrane ...
... from the balance outside the cell. This uneven distribution of ions creates an electrical potential across the cell membrane. This is called the resting membrane potential. In humans, the resting membrane potential ranges from –40 millivolts (mV) to –80 mV, with –65 mV as an average resting membrane ...
Mechanism for propagation of rate signals through a 10
... to the input layer, the rate coding can be realized by the “synfire chain”. This seems to be in conflict with the notion that the “synfire chain” can destroy the rate coding.[11] But this is not the case here. In fact, the manner in which input signals are transmitted through a feedforward network depe ...
... to the input layer, the rate coding can be realized by the “synfire chain”. This seems to be in conflict with the notion that the “synfire chain” can destroy the rate coding.[11] But this is not the case here. In fact, the manner in which input signals are transmitted through a feedforward network depe ...
Stereoscopic Processing of Absolute and Relative Disparity in
... depth in which the absolute and relative disparity signals could be independently manipulated (at a local spatial scale). In experiment 1, relative disparity was kept constant, while absolute disparity was varied in one-half the blocks of trials (“mixed” blocks) and kept constant in the remaining on ...
... depth in which the absolute and relative disparity signals could be independently manipulated (at a local spatial scale). In experiment 1, relative disparity was kept constant, while absolute disparity was varied in one-half the blocks of trials (“mixed” blocks) and kept constant in the remaining on ...
Preferential Termination of Corticorubral Axons on Spine
... During brain development, growth cones navigate through a complex environment to reach their target. Recent studies have revealed various kinds of interactions during growth cone navigation (for review, see Dodd and Jessel, 1988; Goodman and Shatz, 1993; Goodman, 1996), but relatively little is know ...
... During brain development, growth cones navigate through a complex environment to reach their target. Recent studies have revealed various kinds of interactions during growth cone navigation (for review, see Dodd and Jessel, 1988; Goodman and Shatz, 1993; Goodman, 1996), but relatively little is know ...
Neuron-Binding Human Monoclonal Antibodies Support Central
... human mAbs were isolated from individuals with monoclonal gammopathy. Each individual has carried high mAb titers in circulation for years without detriment. sHIgM12 and sHIgM42 are therefore unlikely to be systemically pathogenic. Key Words: Cerebellar granule cell; Human monoclonal antibody; Lamin ...
... human mAbs were isolated from individuals with monoclonal gammopathy. Each individual has carried high mAb titers in circulation for years without detriment. sHIgM12 and sHIgM42 are therefore unlikely to be systemically pathogenic. Key Words: Cerebellar granule cell; Human monoclonal antibody; Lamin ...
Brain - American Museum of Natural History
... stronger they become. And unused connections weaken and fade away. The adolescent brain is still strengthening connections between its reasoning and emotion-related regions. In addition, the reward center of the brain is more active during adolescence than in adulthood. These findings would explain w ...
... stronger they become. And unused connections weaken and fade away. The adolescent brain is still strengthening connections between its reasoning and emotion-related regions. In addition, the reward center of the brain is more active during adolescence than in adulthood. These findings would explain w ...
the spinal cord and spinal nerves
... system (CNS). Since the nervous system is so complex, it’s more convenient to study the individual parts rather than the whole. However, it is important to think of the nervous system as one complex mass of interconnected neurons. Function or dysfunction of any part may affect many seemingly indepen ...
... system (CNS). Since the nervous system is so complex, it’s more convenient to study the individual parts rather than the whole. However, it is important to think of the nervous system as one complex mass of interconnected neurons. Function or dysfunction of any part may affect many seemingly indepen ...
THE AMYGDALA AND REWARD
... three of the five behaviours that argue against a role for the amygdala in reward processing. What might underlie the intact food preferences and object preferences of animals that have no amygdala? One possibility is that stimulus representations that are stored in the cortex can be used to guide b ...
... three of the five behaviours that argue against a role for the amygdala in reward processing. What might underlie the intact food preferences and object preferences of animals that have no amygdala? One possibility is that stimulus representations that are stored in the cortex can be used to guide b ...