The Mammalian Diving Response: An Enigmatic Reflex to Preserve
... been reviewed previously (15, 26, 27, 63, 119, 123, 167, 198). It might be noted, however, that the avian responses are somewhat dissimilar to those seen in mammals in that the bradycardia and peripheral vascular responses are slower in onset than those in mammals and may be more the result of slowe ...
... been reviewed previously (15, 26, 27, 63, 119, 123, 167, 198). It might be noted, however, that the avian responses are somewhat dissimilar to those seen in mammals in that the bradycardia and peripheral vascular responses are slower in onset than those in mammals and may be more the result of slowe ...
Mapping From Motor Cortex to Biceps and Triceps Altered By Elbow
... could even be evoked under anesthesia. Two general observations emerged from this stimulation study. First, stimulation of each site caused the relevant joints to move in a goal-directed fashion into a specific final posture regardless of the initial posture. Second, the stimulationevoked movements ...
... could even be evoked under anesthesia. Two general observations emerged from this stimulation study. First, stimulation of each site caused the relevant joints to move in a goal-directed fashion into a specific final posture regardless of the initial posture. Second, the stimulationevoked movements ...
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... Describe the functions of the central nervous system and the divisions of the peripheral nervous system. Describe how the brain is organized and the roles that particular brain structures play in behavior. Describe how scientists study the workings of the brain. Explain how the two halves of the bra ...
... Describe the functions of the central nervous system and the divisions of the peripheral nervous system. Describe how the brain is organized and the roles that particular brain structures play in behavior. Describe how scientists study the workings of the brain. Explain how the two halves of the bra ...
Red calcium indicator
... Neurons were incubated for 50 min at room temperature with 3 μM Asante Calcium Red AM ester. Thereafter, the cells were washed and maintained in fresh L-15 medium for 40 min to permit intracellular enzymatic hydrolysis of the AM ester to proceed to completion. Confocal fluorescence imaging Indicator ...
... Neurons were incubated for 50 min at room temperature with 3 μM Asante Calcium Red AM ester. Thereafter, the cells were washed and maintained in fresh L-15 medium for 40 min to permit intracellular enzymatic hydrolysis of the AM ester to proceed to completion. Confocal fluorescence imaging Indicator ...
Cell type-specific activation of p38 MAPK in the brain regions of
... The phosphorylation and protein expression levels of p38 MAPK were analyzed by Western blot as reported previously (Long et al., 2006; Niu et al., 2005). Briefly, 50 mg of protein from the whole tissue homogenate of each sample was loaded in 10% SDS–PAGE gel. Then, the proteins were transferred onto ...
... The phosphorylation and protein expression levels of p38 MAPK were analyzed by Western blot as reported previously (Long et al., 2006; Niu et al., 2005). Briefly, 50 mg of protein from the whole tissue homogenate of each sample was loaded in 10% SDS–PAGE gel. Then, the proteins were transferred onto ...
Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia
... administered subcutaneously) to induce anesthesia, and then, a mixture of ketamine and diazepam (10/1 mg/kg, administered intravenously [iv]) for tracheal intubation. The trachea was intubated with an endotracheal tube to supply isoflurane (1.5%) and facilitate the monitoring of respiration. Stainle ...
... administered subcutaneously) to induce anesthesia, and then, a mixture of ketamine and diazepam (10/1 mg/kg, administered intravenously [iv]) for tracheal intubation. The trachea was intubated with an endotracheal tube to supply isoflurane (1.5%) and facilitate the monitoring of respiration. Stainle ...
Maxillary palp glomeruli and ipsilateral projections in the antennal
... ipsilateral input, with the fibres terminating in the ipsilateral AL only. Thus the antennal lobe of Drosophila has a glomerular organization which is apportioned into antennal, maxillary, saccular and ipsilateral glomeruli. Previous studies reported that sensory projection from the maxillary palp i ...
... ipsilateral input, with the fibres terminating in the ipsilateral AL only. Thus the antennal lobe of Drosophila has a glomerular organization which is apportioned into antennal, maxillary, saccular and ipsilateral glomeruli. Previous studies reported that sensory projection from the maxillary palp i ...
... did not generally correlate with GFAP cleavage but instead was associated with de novo expression of vimentin. Moreover, astroglial caspase-3 cleavage was not associated with cell proliferation. These first results provided evidence for a non-traditional role of caspases in astroglial function, sugg ...
Basal Ganglia - Adaptive Behaviour Research Group
... majority of striatal cells are in an inactive ‘down-state', and can only be triggered into an active ‘upstate’(where they can fire action potentials) by a significant amount of coincident input. Since each neuron has a wide dendritic fan-in (with up to 30,000 synapses), but only a few synapses with ...
... majority of striatal cells are in an inactive ‘down-state', and can only be triggered into an active ‘upstate’(where they can fire action potentials) by a significant amount of coincident input. Since each neuron has a wide dendritic fan-in (with up to 30,000 synapses), but only a few synapses with ...
Chapter 13 *Lecture PowerPoint The Spinal Cord,
... • Decussate in lower medulla • Lateral corticospinal tract on contralateral side of spinal cord • Anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract on ipsilateral side of spinal cord • Two neuron pathways – Upper motor neuron in cerebral cortex – Lower motor neuron in spinal cord ...
... • Decussate in lower medulla • Lateral corticospinal tract on contralateral side of spinal cord • Anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract on ipsilateral side of spinal cord • Two neuron pathways – Upper motor neuron in cerebral cortex – Lower motor neuron in spinal cord ...
Stimulus Configuration, Classical Conditioning, and
... that models the NM response. Berger, Clark, and Thompson (1980) reported that neural activity correlated with the CR is present also in the entorhinal cortex and is amplified over trials in CA1 and CA3 hippocampal regions. During extinction following delay conditioning, Berger and Thompson (1982) fo ...
... that models the NM response. Berger, Clark, and Thompson (1980) reported that neural activity correlated with the CR is present also in the entorhinal cortex and is amplified over trials in CA1 and CA3 hippocampal regions. During extinction following delay conditioning, Berger and Thompson (1982) fo ...
Neuromorphic computing
... Each receptive field is made up of several input neurons and one output neuron that modulates the combination of their responses. Receptive fields have been identified in the human brain to encode sensory information (auditory system, somatosensory system, visual system). ...
... Each receptive field is made up of several input neurons and one output neuron that modulates the combination of their responses. Receptive fields have been identified in the human brain to encode sensory information (auditory system, somatosensory system, visual system). ...
Functional segregation of the temporal lobes into highly
... ized on the left, whereas the tone-decision task activated the right auditory cortex to a higher extent. In agreement with other language studies (Frost et al., 1999; Kent, 1998; Price et al., 1999; Specht et al., 2003; Wise et al., 2001), Binder claimed four left-sided, distinct cortical language a ...
... ized on the left, whereas the tone-decision task activated the right auditory cortex to a higher extent. In agreement with other language studies (Frost et al., 1999; Kent, 1998; Price et al., 1999; Specht et al., 2003; Wise et al., 2001), Binder claimed four left-sided, distinct cortical language a ...
Structural Changes in AMPA-Receptive Neurons in the Nucleus of
... 5-week-old SHR and WKY and then examined their GluR1 puncta density in the NTS. The 5-week-old SHR were not hypertensive (Figure 2A), and they did not have a greater number of GluR1-labeled puncta compared with age-matched WKY (Figure 2C). These results suggest that the differences in GluR1 density ...
... 5-week-old SHR and WKY and then examined their GluR1 puncta density in the NTS. The 5-week-old SHR were not hypertensive (Figure 2A), and they did not have a greater number of GluR1-labeled puncta compared with age-matched WKY (Figure 2C). These results suggest that the differences in GluR1 density ...
chapt13_lectureS
... anterior (ventral) root of spinal nerve carries only motor fibers gray commissure connects right and left sides • punctured by a central canal lined with ependymal cells and filled with CSF ...
... anterior (ventral) root of spinal nerve carries only motor fibers gray commissure connects right and left sides • punctured by a central canal lined with ependymal cells and filled with CSF ...
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... a. Nerves are not the same as neurons and can be visible to the human eye. b. The nervous system has more than one type of neuron. c. There are more neurons than glial cells in the nervous system. d. A nerve is best defined as a bundle of axons from different neurons. e. Glial cells serve to support ...
... a. Nerves are not the same as neurons and can be visible to the human eye. b. The nervous system has more than one type of neuron. c. There are more neurons than glial cells in the nervous system. d. A nerve is best defined as a bundle of axons from different neurons. e. Glial cells serve to support ...
Introduction to Data Communication Networks - DSpace
... •Eg . Measurement of blood PH from blood samples. ...
... •Eg . Measurement of blood PH from blood samples. ...
Mirror neurons in humans: Consisting or confounding
... pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus (but see Petrides, 2005; Petrides, Cadoret, & Mackey, 2005), and the rostral part of the inferior parietal lobe, we will consider here any potential human homologue of the monkey mirror areas (as proposed within the literature). Therefore, in our review ...
... pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus (but see Petrides, 2005; Petrides, Cadoret, & Mackey, 2005), and the rostral part of the inferior parietal lobe, we will consider here any potential human homologue of the monkey mirror areas (as proposed within the literature). Therefore, in our review ...
Retrieval induces adaptive forgetting of competing memories via
... work examining the neural processes associated with retrieval competition. One approach used multi-voxel pattern analysis to measure visual cortical activity when a retrieval cue concurrently elicits multiple visual memories. These studies revealed that pattern classifiers have difficulty discrimina ...
... work examining the neural processes associated with retrieval competition. One approach used multi-voxel pattern analysis to measure visual cortical activity when a retrieval cue concurrently elicits multiple visual memories. These studies revealed that pattern classifiers have difficulty discrimina ...
Development of replication-defective herpes simplex viral vectors for
... DRG neurons in vivo. Preliminary regeneration experiments, which were largely outside the scope of this thesis, were inconclusive and require more extensive study as a standalone project, if the in vivo potential of the approach developed for silencing multiple genes targeted at axonal regeneration ...
... DRG neurons in vivo. Preliminary regeneration experiments, which were largely outside the scope of this thesis, were inconclusive and require more extensive study as a standalone project, if the in vivo potential of the approach developed for silencing multiple genes targeted at axonal regeneration ...
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View
... cingulate cortex are identical to those seen in pregenual area 32: Layer IV is weak (making this region dysgranular), layer V contains deeply stained pyramidal cells, and so on. These features are fundamentally different from those observed in dorsal areas 9, 8, and 6. Thus, they argue that the dors ...
... cingulate cortex are identical to those seen in pregenual area 32: Layer IV is weak (making this region dysgranular), layer V contains deeply stained pyramidal cells, and so on. These features are fundamentally different from those observed in dorsal areas 9, 8, and 6. Thus, they argue that the dors ...
Review International Journal of Integrative Biology Reticular
... • Dorsal mesencephalic raphe nucleus: extends throughout the midbrain, expanding cranially and narrowing caudally. (Williams et al; 1999). The medial column consists of the following nuclei: • Central nucleus of medulla oblongata: a thin lamina lateral to raphe nuclei in the lower medulla. • Giganto ...
... • Dorsal mesencephalic raphe nucleus: extends throughout the midbrain, expanding cranially and narrowing caudally. (Williams et al; 1999). The medial column consists of the following nuclei: • Central nucleus of medulla oblongata: a thin lamina lateral to raphe nuclei in the lower medulla. • Giganto ...
Selective Loss of Calcitonin Gene–Related Peptide
... To evaluate the possible role of neuropeptide immunoreactive primary sensory neurons on the development of nociceptive dysfunction in diabetes, the absolute numbers of immunoreactive substance P and calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cell bodies were estimated in diabe ...
... To evaluate the possible role of neuropeptide immunoreactive primary sensory neurons on the development of nociceptive dysfunction in diabetes, the absolute numbers of immunoreactive substance P and calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cell bodies were estimated in diabe ...
Stimulation of GABAergic neurons of the lateral septum and its effect
... The lateral septum is associated with the regulation of innate behavior, motivation, and locomotion. Its complex interconnections with cognitive and affective regions such as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and medial septum have made it an attractive region for studying how motivation regulates beha ...
... The lateral septum is associated with the regulation of innate behavior, motivation, and locomotion. Its complex interconnections with cognitive and affective regions such as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and medial septum have made it an attractive region for studying how motivation regulates beha ...
Congruent Activity during Action and Action Observation in Motor
... Mutual information profiles. Mutual information between binned neural data and kinematics (50 ms bins) was calculated at multiple time leads and lags as in the study by Paninski et al. (2004). The conditional kinematic distributions (one-dimensional distribution of instantaneous directions or two-di ...
... Mutual information profiles. Mutual information between binned neural data and kinematics (50 ms bins) was calculated at multiple time leads and lags as in the study by Paninski et al. (2004). The conditional kinematic distributions (one-dimensional distribution of instantaneous directions or two-di ...