Multiplicative Gain Changes Are Induced by Excitation or Inhibition
... in vivo are measured in the curve of firing rate versus stimulus parameter. We find that when this curve is considered, and when the nonlinear relationships between stimulus parameter and input current and between input current and firing rate in vivo are taken into account, then simple excitation o ...
... in vivo are measured in the curve of firing rate versus stimulus parameter. We find that when this curve is considered, and when the nonlinear relationships between stimulus parameter and input current and between input current and firing rate in vivo are taken into account, then simple excitation o ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... Springer, 2002; Rami, 2003). Thus, whereas cleaved caspase-3 is upregulated transiently in synaptic remodeling (Huesmann and Clayton, 2006), prolonged activation of caspase-3 is considered a marker of neural injury in models of ischemia, trauma, and neurodegeneration (Cohen, 1997; Springer, 2002; Ra ...
... Springer, 2002; Rami, 2003). Thus, whereas cleaved caspase-3 is upregulated transiently in synaptic remodeling (Huesmann and Clayton, 2006), prolonged activation of caspase-3 is considered a marker of neural injury in models of ischemia, trauma, and neurodegeneration (Cohen, 1997; Springer, 2002; Ra ...
Visual Motion Perception using Critical Branching Neural Computation
... using the reservoir computing framework. The model builds on previous work by Maass et al. (2002a) and Burgsteiner et al. (2006) who developed LSMs for predicting future locations of objects in motion. Here we replicate and extend their work by 1) developing a new model for tuning reservoir dynamics ...
... using the reservoir computing framework. The model builds on previous work by Maass et al. (2002a) and Burgsteiner et al. (2006) who developed LSMs for predicting future locations of objects in motion. Here we replicate and extend their work by 1) developing a new model for tuning reservoir dynamics ...
MS Word - VCU Secrets of the Sequence
... Despite the warnings everywhere that smoking is harmful and potentially deadly, thousands of teenagers begin smoking each day, while thousands of smokers die daily from otherwise preventable deaths. Although the majority of smokers admit that their initial sensations were unpleasant due to coughing, ...
... Despite the warnings everywhere that smoking is harmful and potentially deadly, thousands of teenagers begin smoking each day, while thousands of smokers die daily from otherwise preventable deaths. Although the majority of smokers admit that their initial sensations were unpleasant due to coughing, ...
The Synapse - University of Toronto
... AMPA (red, yellow rectangle), and metabotropic (brown membrane protein) glutamate receptors. In the spine, actin cables (vertical pink filaments) are linked to brain spectrin (red, horizontal molecules). Also present in the spine are endoplasmic reticulum (blue membranous structure) and calmodulin ( ...
... AMPA (red, yellow rectangle), and metabotropic (brown membrane protein) glutamate receptors. In the spine, actin cables (vertical pink filaments) are linked to brain spectrin (red, horizontal molecules). Also present in the spine are endoplasmic reticulum (blue membranous structure) and calmodulin ( ...
Warm pleasant feelings in the brain
... linear contrasts of parameter estimates were defined to test the specific effects of each condition with each individualTs dataset. Voxel values for each contrast resulted in a statistical parametric map of the corresponding t-statistic, which was then transformed into the unit normal distribution ( ...
... linear contrasts of parameter estimates were defined to test the specific effects of each condition with each individualTs dataset. Voxel values for each contrast resulted in a statistical parametric map of the corresponding t-statistic, which was then transformed into the unit normal distribution ( ...
The role of nitric oxide in the hypothalamic control of LHRH and
... The ventromedial nucleus regarded as a hypothalamic center controlling sexual behavior [91, 92] contains both nitric oxide synthase [15, 18, 133, 140] and estrogen receptors [90]. In the ventrolateral aspect of the nucleus, the estrogen receptors have been found to be expressed in numerous NADPH-d-p ...
... The ventromedial nucleus regarded as a hypothalamic center controlling sexual behavior [91, 92] contains both nitric oxide synthase [15, 18, 133, 140] and estrogen receptors [90]. In the ventrolateral aspect of the nucleus, the estrogen receptors have been found to be expressed in numerous NADPH-d-p ...
Executive Control Over Cognition: Stronger and Earlier Rule
... Human cognition is characterized by flexibility, the ability to select not only which action but which cognitive process to engage to best achieve the current behavioral objective. The ability to tailor information processing in the brain to rules, goals, or context is typically referred to as execu ...
... Human cognition is characterized by flexibility, the ability to select not only which action but which cognitive process to engage to best achieve the current behavioral objective. The ability to tailor information processing in the brain to rules, goals, or context is typically referred to as execu ...
Dynamics of sensory processing in the dual olfactory pathway of the
... The second difference refers to the concentration dependence of odor responses. In m-PN boutons, the amplitude of the Ca responses typically increased with odor concentration. On the contrary, l-PNs typically responded even for very low concentrations and revealed little or even a negative relation ...
... The second difference refers to the concentration dependence of odor responses. In m-PN boutons, the amplitude of the Ca responses typically increased with odor concentration. On the contrary, l-PNs typically responded even for very low concentrations and revealed little or even a negative relation ...
Prediction of Subjective Affective State From Brain Activations
... linearly with the number of neurons, and the number of stimuli or events that can be encoded increases exponentially with the number of neurons (because information is a log measure) (Cover and Thomas 1991; Rolls 2008; Rolls and Deco 2002; Rolls and Treves 1998; Rolls et al. 1997a). If the informati ...
... linearly with the number of neurons, and the number of stimuli or events that can be encoded increases exponentially with the number of neurons (because information is a log measure) (Cover and Thomas 1991; Rolls 2008; Rolls and Deco 2002; Rolls and Treves 1998; Rolls et al. 1997a). If the informati ...
CEREBRAL CORTEX - Global Anatomy Home Page
... matter so that blockage of this artery can also interfere with speech. Medial aspect of temporal lobe, including much of the hippocampus (limbic system structure to be discussed in later lecture): posterior cerebral. Brodmann’s areas The numbers given to visual, somatic sensory, motor and auditory c ...
... matter so that blockage of this artery can also interfere with speech. Medial aspect of temporal lobe, including much of the hippocampus (limbic system structure to be discussed in later lecture): posterior cerebral. Brodmann’s areas The numbers given to visual, somatic sensory, motor and auditory c ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... For example, whenever a monkey performs a grasping action with visual guidance, the activation of motor neurons (involved in the performance of grasping) and visual neurons (involved in the visual guidance of grasping) is correlated. Through associative learning, this correlated activation gives the ...
... For example, whenever a monkey performs a grasping action with visual guidance, the activation of motor neurons (involved in the performance of grasping) and visual neurons (involved in the visual guidance of grasping) is correlated. Through associative learning, this correlated activation gives the ...
Pontine respiratory activity involved in inspiratory/expiratory phase
... that medullary late-I neurons which initiate IOS receive excitatory inputs from pontine IE or late-I neurons (Cohen & Shaw 2004). However, the pontine input to late-I neurons was suppressed by BHR feedback. Thus, it was suggested that ponto-medullary interaction may become important only under condi ...
... that medullary late-I neurons which initiate IOS receive excitatory inputs from pontine IE or late-I neurons (Cohen & Shaw 2004). However, the pontine input to late-I neurons was suppressed by BHR feedback. Thus, it was suggested that ponto-medullary interaction may become important only under condi ...
PDF only
... of the other brain regions examined, levels of EP1 protein were the highest in the cerebellum. The physiological function of the increased EP1 levels in cerebellum is unclear at this time. One of the hallmarks of cerebellar Purkinje cells is their ability to express a characteristic form of activity ...
... of the other brain regions examined, levels of EP1 protein were the highest in the cerebellum. The physiological function of the increased EP1 levels in cerebellum is unclear at this time. One of the hallmarks of cerebellar Purkinje cells is their ability to express a characteristic form of activity ...
directional asymmetries of optokinetic nystagmus: developmental
... canals during head movements of high frequency and velocity and from the visual system during head movements of low frequency and velocity. The resulting eye movements are called the vestibulo-ocular reflex when only vestibular inputs are involved and are called optokinetic eye movements when only v ...
... canals during head movements of high frequency and velocity and from the visual system during head movements of low frequency and velocity. The resulting eye movements are called the vestibulo-ocular reflex when only vestibular inputs are involved and are called optokinetic eye movements when only v ...
Multiple hypothalamic circuits sense and regulate glucose levels
... to involve glucose-sensing neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), since it was reduced by blockade of VMH glucokinase, a critical molecular component of some glucosesensing neurons (31). Although brain glucose levels are generally lower than those in the blood, it is commonly assumed that g ...
... to involve glucose-sensing neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), since it was reduced by blockade of VMH glucokinase, a critical molecular component of some glucosesensing neurons (31). Although brain glucose levels are generally lower than those in the blood, it is commonly assumed that g ...
Synaptic Regulation of Action Potential Timing in
... Intracellular recordings in vivo have revealed that giant neostriatal interneurons receive a constant barrage of depolarizing synaptic input (Wilson et al., 1990). In contrast to the spiny projection neurons, unitary synaptic potentials are readily discerned in the giant cells, and summation of only ...
... Intracellular recordings in vivo have revealed that giant neostriatal interneurons receive a constant barrage of depolarizing synaptic input (Wilson et al., 1990). In contrast to the spiny projection neurons, unitary synaptic potentials are readily discerned in the giant cells, and summation of only ...
Ch 8 Nervous System Test Key 1. In a neuron, short, branching
... have no initial knee jerk response but after 2 weeks your response is exaggerated. What does it indicate? A. The neurons within the brain or spinal cord that modify this reflex have been damaged. b. The neurons within the periphery have been damaged. c. Your cerebral cortex was damaged but has since ...
... have no initial knee jerk response but after 2 weeks your response is exaggerated. What does it indicate? A. The neurons within the brain or spinal cord that modify this reflex have been damaged. b. The neurons within the periphery have been damaged. c. Your cerebral cortex was damaged but has since ...
How microglia kill neurons
... microglia, astrocytes or other cells. For example, TNFα was found to cause death specifically of dopaminergic neurons in embryonic rat midbrain cultures, but it was not tested whether this neurotoxicity was mediated by glia (Clarke and Branton, 2002; McGuire et al., 2001). We found that TNFα could in ...
... microglia, astrocytes or other cells. For example, TNFα was found to cause death specifically of dopaminergic neurons in embryonic rat midbrain cultures, but it was not tested whether this neurotoxicity was mediated by glia (Clarke and Branton, 2002; McGuire et al., 2001). We found that TNFα could in ...
new insights into the functions of the superior temporal cortex
... received a lesion at one location only. In all other animals in which Watson et al.2 made STS lesions, ablation was added to pre-existing brain lesions (of inferior parietal cortex in two cases, and of frontal cortex and corpus callosum in the third). One of these monkeys (the one with frontal and c ...
... received a lesion at one location only. In all other animals in which Watson et al.2 made STS lesions, ablation was added to pre-existing brain lesions (of inferior parietal cortex in two cases, and of frontal cortex and corpus callosum in the third). One of these monkeys (the one with frontal and c ...
lecture 12 - McLoon Lab - University of Minnesota
... • These axons synapse in nucleus gracilis (from lower body) and nucleus cuneatus (from upper body) in the medulla. • Axons from these nuclei cross the medulla and ascend to thalamus. ...
... • These axons synapse in nucleus gracilis (from lower body) and nucleus cuneatus (from upper body) in the medulla. • Axons from these nuclei cross the medulla and ascend to thalamus. ...
Saliency, switching, attention and control
... events, and that its core function is to mark such events in time and space for additional processing. The insula is unique in that it is situated at the interface of the cognitive, homeostatic, and affective systems of the human brain, providing a link between stimulus-driven processing and brain r ...
... events, and that its core function is to mark such events in time and space for additional processing. The insula is unique in that it is situated at the interface of the cognitive, homeostatic, and affective systems of the human brain, providing a link between stimulus-driven processing and brain r ...
uncorrected proof - Illinois State University Websites
... fields. Similarly, C. elegans larvae possessing immature AFD neurons with fewer villi were also unable to orient to magnetic fields. Larvae of every stage however retained the ability to orient to thermal gradients. To our knowledge, this is the first behavioral separation of magnetic and thermal or ...
... fields. Similarly, C. elegans larvae possessing immature AFD neurons with fewer villi were also unable to orient to magnetic fields. Larvae of every stage however retained the ability to orient to thermal gradients. To our knowledge, this is the first behavioral separation of magnetic and thermal or ...
BLoA Neurotransmission
... The distance between a presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron is about 20-40 nanometers! ...
... The distance between a presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron is about 20-40 nanometers! ...