Where do mirror neurons come from?
... For example, whenever a monkey performs a grasping action with visual guidance, the activation of motor neurons (involved in the performance of grasping) and visual neurons (involved in the visual guidance of grasping) is correlated. Through associative learning, this correlated activation gives the ...
... For example, whenever a monkey performs a grasping action with visual guidance, the activation of motor neurons (involved in the performance of grasping) and visual neurons (involved in the visual guidance of grasping) is correlated. Through associative learning, this correlated activation gives the ...
Summary - Academia Sinica
... mediodorsal stimulation, but we can just find EPSP after the parafascicular stimulation. •There is significant difference in Mem potential, EPSP duration and IPSP duration. •Our result confirm the hypothesis, and it confirms that the differential projections of PF and MD to ACC will cause different ...
... mediodorsal stimulation, but we can just find EPSP after the parafascicular stimulation. •There is significant difference in Mem potential, EPSP duration and IPSP duration. •Our result confirm the hypothesis, and it confirms that the differential projections of PF and MD to ACC will cause different ...
recognition memory: what are the roles of the perirhinal cortex and
... if an animal has been trained to expect rewards for repetitions of a target stimulus but not of non-target stimuli, responses to the target stimulus can be enhanced rather than reduced32. Such response enhancements have, however, only been observed when the animal has been so trained. Reduced respon ...
... if an animal has been trained to expect rewards for repetitions of a target stimulus but not of non-target stimuli, responses to the target stimulus can be enhanced rather than reduced32. Such response enhancements have, however, only been observed when the animal has been so trained. Reduced respon ...
The interplay between neurons and glia in synapse
... perisynaptic regions by the hemichannel protein connexin 30 (Cx30). Genetic deletion of Cx30 permits astrocyte process invasion into synaptic clefts, which prevents glutamate activation of the postsynapse and alters excitatory synaptic strength. These effects of Cx30 are independent of its channel f ...
... perisynaptic regions by the hemichannel protein connexin 30 (Cx30). Genetic deletion of Cx30 permits astrocyte process invasion into synaptic clefts, which prevents glutamate activation of the postsynapse and alters excitatory synaptic strength. These effects of Cx30 are independent of its channel f ...
Retinal projection to the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali
... and the generation of the optokinetic response. The nBOR receives retinal input from displaced ganglion cells (DGCs), which are found at the margin of the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers, rather than the ganglion cell layer. The LM receives afferents from retinal ganglion cells, but whether ...
... and the generation of the optokinetic response. The nBOR receives retinal input from displaced ganglion cells (DGCs), which are found at the margin of the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers, rather than the ganglion cell layer. The LM receives afferents from retinal ganglion cells, but whether ...
Extraction of Sensory Parameters from a Neural Map by Primary
... In most sensory systems, neurons form a map of sensory space through the organized projection pattern of their axon terminals. One consequence of this anatomical organization is that the ensemble response of a population of neurons to a particular sensory stimulus will be represented as a unique spa ...
... In most sensory systems, neurons form a map of sensory space through the organized projection pattern of their axon terminals. One consequence of this anatomical organization is that the ensemble response of a population of neurons to a particular sensory stimulus will be represented as a unique spa ...
Neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex code relative
... and Murray, 2004). These observations suggest that the OFC is processing not only reward information but also aversive information. In this study, we focused on how the OFC codes aversive information as well as reward information at the individual neuron level. One hypothesis is that reward informat ...
... and Murray, 2004). These observations suggest that the OFC is processing not only reward information but also aversive information. In this study, we focused on how the OFC codes aversive information as well as reward information at the individual neuron level. One hypothesis is that reward informat ...
A Neural Mass Model to Simulate Different Rhythms in a Cortical
... interneurons, inhibitory interneurons with slow synaptic kinetics (GABAA,slow ), and inhibitory interneurons with faster synaptic kinetics (GABAA,fast ). In the following, a quantity which belongs to a neural population will be denoted with the subscripts p (pyramidal), e (excitatory interneuron), s ...
... interneurons, inhibitory interneurons with slow synaptic kinetics (GABAA,slow ), and inhibitory interneurons with faster synaptic kinetics (GABAA,fast ). In the following, a quantity which belongs to a neural population will be denoted with the subscripts p (pyramidal), e (excitatory interneuron), s ...
Early Microglial Activation Precedes Neuronal Loss in Mouse Model of Progressive
... (Cstbj/j) mice. Our data reveal early and localized glial activation in brain regions where neuron loss subsequently occurs. These changes are most pronounced in the thalamocortical system, with neuron loss occurring first within the cortex and only subsequently in the corresponding thalamic relay nu ...
... (Cstbj/j) mice. Our data reveal early and localized glial activation in brain regions where neuron loss subsequently occurs. These changes are most pronounced in the thalamocortical system, with neuron loss occurring first within the cortex and only subsequently in the corresponding thalamic relay nu ...
Separate Representations of Target and Timing Cue Locations in
... oculomotor network and both are connected to several other areas such as temporal and lateral prefrontal cortices (Andersen 1995; Huerta and Kaas 1990; Lynch and Tian 2006). LIP sits at the interface between sensory and motor cortices (Andersen and Buneo 2002), whereas SEF is in the frontal cortex. ...
... oculomotor network and both are connected to several other areas such as temporal and lateral prefrontal cortices (Andersen 1995; Huerta and Kaas 1990; Lynch and Tian 2006). LIP sits at the interface between sensory and motor cortices (Andersen and Buneo 2002), whereas SEF is in the frontal cortex. ...
Imagery and Perception Share Cortical
... (faces, places, bodies, objects and scrambled objects). Next, we identified voxels that showed category preference by contrasting parameter estimates evoked by the specific category in question with parameter estimates evoked by objects. In this manner, face-selective (T-contrast faces > objects), bod ...
... (faces, places, bodies, objects and scrambled objects). Next, we identified voxels that showed category preference by contrasting parameter estimates evoked by the specific category in question with parameter estimates evoked by objects. In this manner, face-selective (T-contrast faces > objects), bod ...
Neurophysiology of Swallow #2
... oThen in sequence, there is activation of the posterior tongue (continues to move back toward pharynx), the superior constrictor muscles, the palatopharyngeus (elevates pharynx and larynx and closes nasopharyngeal isthmus) and the stylohyoid and the geniohyoid muscles, which move the larynx up and f ...
... oThen in sequence, there is activation of the posterior tongue (continues to move back toward pharynx), the superior constrictor muscles, the palatopharyngeus (elevates pharynx and larynx and closes nasopharyngeal isthmus) and the stylohyoid and the geniohyoid muscles, which move the larynx up and f ...
cerebellar projections to the superior colliculus in the cat1
... in the ipsilateral fastigius nucleus were situated preferentially in medial sectors of the nucleus (Figs. 1 and 5F). The injections placed in the rostral part of the superior colliculus gave rise to the greatest number of labeled neurons in the cerebellar nuclei. The injections placed rostrally and ...
... in the ipsilateral fastigius nucleus were situated preferentially in medial sectors of the nucleus (Figs. 1 and 5F). The injections placed in the rostral part of the superior colliculus gave rise to the greatest number of labeled neurons in the cerebellar nuclei. The injections placed rostrally and ...
Understanding the Human Sensory Conduction of Smell
... The olfactory epithelium is the main end organ for the sense of smell in humans and vertebrates. Specially differenciated neuronal cells called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) play a key role in the olfactory epithelium by expressing the olfactory receptors (ORs) on their apical surface membrane. ...
... The olfactory epithelium is the main end organ for the sense of smell in humans and vertebrates. Specially differenciated neuronal cells called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) play a key role in the olfactory epithelium by expressing the olfactory receptors (ORs) on their apical surface membrane. ...
New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neurons; if this occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a tr ...
... (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neurons; if this occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a tr ...
Bipolar Cell
... • As we all know, our eyes detect the presence of light. • For humans, light is a narrow band of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 380 and 760 nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us. (See Figure 6.1.) • Other ...
... • As we all know, our eyes detect the presence of light. • For humans, light is a narrow band of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 380 and 760 nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us. (See Figure 6.1.) • Other ...
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... distribution of these scores was less shifted than in shams (Fig. 3f versus Fig. 3i; Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.001) and did not differ from zero (Fig. 3i; Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P = 0.12). There was no significant inverse correlation between changes in firing in response to unexpected reward an ...
... distribution of these scores was less shifted than in shams (Fig. 3f versus Fig. 3i; Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.001) and did not differ from zero (Fig. 3i; Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P = 0.12). There was no significant inverse correlation between changes in firing in response to unexpected reward an ...
REVIEWS - Department Of Biological Sciences Hunter College
... these constructs compete with endogenous classic cadherins for interactions with catenins and other cytoskeletal proteins. As the activity of classic cadherins relies on such interactions38, their depletion due to overexpression of the mutant cadherins causes downregulation of the endogenous cadheri ...
... these constructs compete with endogenous classic cadherins for interactions with catenins and other cytoskeletal proteins. As the activity of classic cadherins relies on such interactions38, their depletion due to overexpression of the mutant cadherins causes downregulation of the endogenous cadheri ...
JEDNAK KSIAZKI
... allowing for investigation of the structure and function of neural networks. By turning genetically specified populations of neurons on or off with light, the combination of genetics and optics can control well-defined events within specific cells. Research of the retina using electrical signals as ...
... allowing for investigation of the structure and function of neural networks. By turning genetically specified populations of neurons on or off with light, the combination of genetics and optics can control well-defined events within specific cells. Research of the retina using electrical signals as ...
Naturally Occurring Fluctuation in Dendritic
... for 3 consecutive estrous cycles, and only those with normal 5-d cycles were used in this study. In the late afternoon of either the diestrus II (n = 7), proestrns (n = 8) or estrns (n = 8) phase of their cycle (Turner and Bagnara, 1976) these rats were deeply anesthetized with Ketalar (ketamine HCl ...
... for 3 consecutive estrous cycles, and only those with normal 5-d cycles were used in this study. In the late afternoon of either the diestrus II (n = 7), proestrns (n = 8) or estrns (n = 8) phase of their cycle (Turner and Bagnara, 1976) these rats were deeply anesthetized with Ketalar (ketamine HCl ...
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... shown in the lower panel. In the spinal cord (SC), one branch of the afferents enters the ascending dorsal column pathway to terminate in the ipsilateral cuneate nucleus (violet line). The other branch terminates in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Second-order neurons activated in the dorsal hor ...
... shown in the lower panel. In the spinal cord (SC), one branch of the afferents enters the ascending dorsal column pathway to terminate in the ipsilateral cuneate nucleus (violet line). The other branch terminates in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Second-order neurons activated in the dorsal hor ...
Schwann Cells Stimulated to Proliferate in the Absence of Neurons
... for axons of 1 pm or more in diameter (Wood, 1976). Thus it is possible to demonstrate functional interactions between neurons and Schwann cells at several levels, and to recreate in vitro many of the events known to occur in vivo during development of the peripheral nervous system. It is difficult, ...
... for axons of 1 pm or more in diameter (Wood, 1976). Thus it is possible to demonstrate functional interactions between neurons and Schwann cells at several levels, and to recreate in vitro many of the events known to occur in vivo during development of the peripheral nervous system. It is difficult, ...
Flow of information for emotions through temporal and orbitofrontal pathways REVIEW
... eulaminate 1). The caudally adjacent areas, including areas 13, OPro and orbital area 25, are dysgranular in type, characterized by the presence of a thin and incipient granular layer 4 (Fig. 1B). The most caudally located orbitofrontal cortex lacks a granular layer 4, and is thus agranular in type ...
... eulaminate 1). The caudally adjacent areas, including areas 13, OPro and orbital area 25, are dysgranular in type, characterized by the presence of a thin and incipient granular layer 4 (Fig. 1B). The most caudally located orbitofrontal cortex lacks a granular layer 4, and is thus agranular in type ...