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Dual single unit recording in Globus Pallidus (GP) and Subthalamic
... predominantly from indirect pathway (IP) dysfunction [1-4] and D2-expressing striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN) giving rise to IP projections appear more vulnerable to mutant huntingtin (mHtt) insult [4, 5]. Consistent with this, BACHD transgenic and Q175 knock in mouse models demonstrate age-depen ...
... predominantly from indirect pathway (IP) dysfunction [1-4] and D2-expressing striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN) giving rise to IP projections appear more vulnerable to mutant huntingtin (mHtt) insult [4, 5]. Consistent with this, BACHD transgenic and Q175 knock in mouse models demonstrate age-depen ...
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... information from two regions outside the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus and the entorhinal cortex, converge. In addition, this area is also characterized by strong recurrent feedback between CA3 pyramidal neurons forming what is thought to be an autoassociative network. Artificial neural networks co ...
... information from two regions outside the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus and the entorhinal cortex, converge. In addition, this area is also characterized by strong recurrent feedback between CA3 pyramidal neurons forming what is thought to be an autoassociative network. Artificial neural networks co ...
Neural Control of Interappendage Phase During Locomotion
... and (C) one treadmill moving at the low speed of condition A and the other treadmill moving at the high speed of condition B. In conditions A and B the right and left legs alternate as in normal walking. The results in condition C depend on the relative speed of the two treadmills. If one treadmill ...
... and (C) one treadmill moving at the low speed of condition A and the other treadmill moving at the high speed of condition B. In conditions A and B the right and left legs alternate as in normal walking. The results in condition C depend on the relative speed of the two treadmills. If one treadmill ...
3. Connections of the Hypothalamus
... Monoamine cell groups. Each of the classes of monoamine cell groups in the rat brainstem provides innervation to the hypothalamus. Projections from limbic regions. Hippocampal efferents via the precommissural fornix-lateral septum innervates all three longitudinally organized columns of the hypothal ...
... Monoamine cell groups. Each of the classes of monoamine cell groups in the rat brainstem provides innervation to the hypothalamus. Projections from limbic regions. Hippocampal efferents via the precommissural fornix-lateral septum innervates all three longitudinally organized columns of the hypothal ...
Mechanical Response Properties of A and C Primary Afferent
... Levy, Dan, and Andrew M. Strassman. Mechanical response properties of A and C primary afferent neurons innervating the rat intracranial dura. J Neurophysiol 88: 3021–3031, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00029.2002. The intracranial dura receives a small-fiber sensory innervation from the trigeminal ganglion that ...
... Levy, Dan, and Andrew M. Strassman. Mechanical response properties of A and C primary afferent neurons innervating the rat intracranial dura. J Neurophysiol 88: 3021–3031, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00029.2002. The intracranial dura receives a small-fiber sensory innervation from the trigeminal ganglion that ...
Chapter 2: Communication Within the Nervous System
... and neuroscience, this edition contains 500 new references. More than 60 illustrations have been added, and 25 others were significantly revised to increase their informational and educational value. In addition, new tables have been added where there was a need to organize or summarize complex mate ...
... and neuroscience, this edition contains 500 new references. More than 60 illustrations have been added, and 25 others were significantly revised to increase their informational and educational value. In addition, new tables have been added where there was a need to organize or summarize complex mate ...
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... (Duebel et al., 2006). An uneven distribution of Cl ions has been described in hippocampal neurons using electrophysiological recordings (Szabadics et al., 2006; Khirug et al., 2008) and non-invasive monitoring of intracellular Cl (Waseem et al., 2010). Future studies on GABA action in the immature ...
... (Duebel et al., 2006). An uneven distribution of Cl ions has been described in hippocampal neurons using electrophysiological recordings (Szabadics et al., 2006; Khirug et al., 2008) and non-invasive monitoring of intracellular Cl (Waseem et al., 2010). Future studies on GABA action in the immature ...
~ Pergamon
... We combined data from prefrontal areas with similar laminar definition to determine whether regional differences in the distribution of labelled neurons were related to differences in laminar characteristics noted previously/4 Categories were constructed on the basis of number of layers and laminar ...
... We combined data from prefrontal areas with similar laminar definition to determine whether regional differences in the distribution of labelled neurons were related to differences in laminar characteristics noted previously/4 Categories were constructed on the basis of number of layers and laminar ...
the mirror system hypothesis: from a macaque
... DeRenzi (1989) reports that some apraxics exhibit a semantic deficit – having difficulty both in classifying gestures and in performing familiar gestures on command – yet may be able copy the pattern of a movement of such a gesture without "getting the meaning” of the action of which it is part. We ...
... DeRenzi (1989) reports that some apraxics exhibit a semantic deficit – having difficulty both in classifying gestures and in performing familiar gestures on command – yet may be able copy the pattern of a movement of such a gesture without "getting the meaning” of the action of which it is part. We ...
Fundamentals of the Nervous System, Part 2
... • Repeated use increases the efficiency of neurotransmission • Ca2+ concentration increases in presynaptic terminal and ostsynaptic neuron • Brief high-frequency stimulation partially depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron – Chemically gated channels (NMDA receptors) allow Ca2+ entry – Ca2+ activates k ...
... • Repeated use increases the efficiency of neurotransmission • Ca2+ concentration increases in presynaptic terminal and ostsynaptic neuron • Brief high-frequency stimulation partially depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron – Chemically gated channels (NMDA receptors) allow Ca2+ entry – Ca2+ activates k ...
THE MIRROR SYSTEM HYPOTHESIS: FROM A MACAQUE
... DeRenzi (1989) reports that some apraxics exhibit a semantic deficit – having difficulty both in classifying gestures and in performing familiar gestures on command – yet may be able copy the pattern of a movement of such a gesture without "getting the meaning” of the action of which it is part. We ...
... DeRenzi (1989) reports that some apraxics exhibit a semantic deficit – having difficulty both in classifying gestures and in performing familiar gestures on command – yet may be able copy the pattern of a movement of such a gesture without "getting the meaning” of the action of which it is part. We ...
kwanPNAS08
... deep layers and later-born neurons migrate past older neurons to settle in more superficial layers. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the laminar position and identity of projection neurons are being unraveled (3, 7). Previous studies suggested that neurons are specified at the time of their bi ...
... deep layers and later-born neurons migrate past older neurons to settle in more superficial layers. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the laminar position and identity of projection neurons are being unraveled (3, 7). Previous studies suggested that neurons are specified at the time of their bi ...
MMNeuropharm2011
... 3. In vivo drug exposure triggers synaptic plasticity 3.1. Excitatory synapses A single in vivo cocaine exposure is enough to cause synaptic adaptations at excitatory inputs onto DA neurons of the VTA. 24 h after cocaine injection the ratio of AMPA- versus NMDA (A/N) -mediated excitatory postsynapti ...
... 3. In vivo drug exposure triggers synaptic plasticity 3.1. Excitatory synapses A single in vivo cocaine exposure is enough to cause synaptic adaptations at excitatory inputs onto DA neurons of the VTA. 24 h after cocaine injection the ratio of AMPA- versus NMDA (A/N) -mediated excitatory postsynapti ...
1) Discuss if NOCICEPTORS are real. 2) Describe the distribution of
... sensitive channels. 3) For molecular biologist the holy grail would be to find a single gene that could be used to identify nociceptors – Is this ...
... sensitive channels. 3) For molecular biologist the holy grail would be to find a single gene that could be used to identify nociceptors – Is this ...
Subcircuit-specific neuromodulation in the prefrontal cortex
... categories: (1) pyramidal tract, or PT neurons, and (2) intratelencephalic, or IT neurons (Molnár and Cheung, 2006; Shepherd, 2013). PT neurons project subcortically via the pyramidal tracts projecting to ipsilateral striatum, thalamus, and/or brainstem. PT neurons are located within the infragranul ...
... categories: (1) pyramidal tract, or PT neurons, and (2) intratelencephalic, or IT neurons (Molnár and Cheung, 2006; Shepherd, 2013). PT neurons project subcortically via the pyramidal tracts projecting to ipsilateral striatum, thalamus, and/or brainstem. PT neurons are located within the infragranul ...
Building Functional Networks of Spiking Model Neurons
... coding. Deviations between the actual and desired outputs occur in these networks when a few more or a few less spikes are generated than the precise number needed to match the target output. The spike-coding networks that we now introduce 9,10,12 work on the same basic principle of raising and lowe ...
... coding. Deviations between the actual and desired outputs occur in these networks when a few more or a few less spikes are generated than the precise number needed to match the target output. The spike-coding networks that we now introduce 9,10,12 work on the same basic principle of raising and lowe ...
Modelling the Grid-like Encoding of Visual Space
... As a consequence, the particular models do not generalize well, i.e., they can not be used to describe or investigate the behavior of neurons that receive other kinds of input signals but may also exhibit grid-like firing patterns. In contrast, the RGNG-based model does not rely on specific types of ...
... As a consequence, the particular models do not generalize well, i.e., they can not be used to describe or investigate the behavior of neurons that receive other kinds of input signals but may also exhibit grid-like firing patterns. In contrast, the RGNG-based model does not rely on specific types of ...
Biological Cybernetics
... given by (1). Curve 2 of Fig. 2 shows the angular resolution per neuron on the horizontal median as a function of ϕ̃0 (as before, e is the horizontal direction). The calculations reveal the following result: the existence of large receptive fields in the periphery of the visual field leads to a late ...
... given by (1). Curve 2 of Fig. 2 shows the angular resolution per neuron on the horizontal median as a function of ϕ̃0 (as before, e is the horizontal direction). The calculations reveal the following result: the existence of large receptive fields in the periphery of the visual field leads to a late ...
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... virtually 100% of end-plates were innervated, and there was no evidence of axonal degeneration in the ventral root. Denervation of end-plates was significant by day 47 (40%) and continued to progress up to the time of death (Fig. 2). Neuromuscular junctions showing terminal axons but no end-plate ov ...
... virtually 100% of end-plates were innervated, and there was no evidence of axonal degeneration in the ventral root. Denervation of end-plates was significant by day 47 (40%) and continued to progress up to the time of death (Fig. 2). Neuromuscular junctions showing terminal axons but no end-plate ov ...
The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in learning and reward Ph.D
... During instrumental conditioning the experimenter arranges contingencies between behavior of the animal and a reinforcing outcome (independently of behavior). Several psychological processes contribute to learning and instrumental performance (Dickinson, 1994). Behavior of humans and animals is ofte ...
... During instrumental conditioning the experimenter arranges contingencies between behavior of the animal and a reinforcing outcome (independently of behavior). Several psychological processes contribute to learning and instrumental performance (Dickinson, 1994). Behavior of humans and animals is ofte ...
Chemical Messengers
... the brain is crucial in order to keep the neural signal organized and segmented. In fact, it is often said that the brain works primarily through inhibition, not excitation. GABA plays an important role in many physiological and behavioral processes. For example, the drug Valium (diazepam), which is ...
... the brain is crucial in order to keep the neural signal organized and segmented. In fact, it is often said that the brain works primarily through inhibition, not excitation. GABA plays an important role in many physiological and behavioral processes. For example, the drug Valium (diazepam), which is ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.