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A Brainstem Network Mediating Apneic Reflexes in the Rat
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
Insights into decision making using choice probability
... is the origin of CP?; does it result from feedforward pooling of neuronal activity or from feedback mechanisms such as attentional allocation? We should point out that CP can be applied to brain areas thought to report only the sensory evidence or to areas that directly mediate decisions. In either ...
... is the origin of CP?; does it result from feedforward pooling of neuronal activity or from feedback mechanisms such as attentional allocation? We should point out that CP can be applied to brain areas thought to report only the sensory evidence or to areas that directly mediate decisions. In either ...
a14b NeuroPhysII
... Threshold stimulus—strong enough to push the membrane potential toward and beyond threshold (Membrane is depolarized by 15 to 20 mV) AP is an all-or-none phenomenon—action potentials either happen completely, or not at all All action potentials are alike and are independent of stimulus intensi ...
... Threshold stimulus—strong enough to push the membrane potential toward and beyond threshold (Membrane is depolarized by 15 to 20 mV) AP is an all-or-none phenomenon—action potentials either happen completely, or not at all All action potentials are alike and are independent of stimulus intensi ...
Nothing can be coincidence: synaptic inhibition and plasticity in the
... by current injection or synaptic excitation can easily drive these cells into a state of depolarization block that outlasts the depolarizing stimulus, and firing usually resumes only after an active hyperpolarization (Figure 1c). In other words, cerebellar nuclear neurons often need to be hyperpolar ...
... by current injection or synaptic excitation can easily drive these cells into a state of depolarization block that outlasts the depolarizing stimulus, and firing usually resumes only after an active hyperpolarization (Figure 1c). In other words, cerebellar nuclear neurons often need to be hyperpolar ...
Visually guided behavior in drosophila
... assess whether there is a predicting trend. The orientation error provide us an evolution of the pixel differences and thus ensuring the results are not random. Random results would be around 90 degrees, while ideal results would be closer to zero degrees. The outcomes show that although the match w ...
... assess whether there is a predicting trend. The orientation error provide us an evolution of the pixel differences and thus ensuring the results are not random. Random results would be around 90 degrees, while ideal results would be closer to zero degrees. The outcomes show that although the match w ...
Ca Channels As Integrators of G Protein
... Department of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York ...
... Department of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York ...
31.1 The Neuron - science-b
... A nerve impulse is self-propagating; that is, the flow of ions at the point of the impulse causes sodium channels just ahead of it to open. This allows the impulse to move rapidly along the axon. The flow of an impulse can be compared to the fall of a row of dominoes. As each domino falls, it causes ...
... A nerve impulse is self-propagating; that is, the flow of ions at the point of the impulse causes sodium channels just ahead of it to open. This allows the impulse to move rapidly along the axon. The flow of an impulse can be compared to the fall of a row of dominoes. As each domino falls, it causes ...
ELECTRODEPOSITION OF ALLOYS, 1930 TO 1940.1 By Ci
... nerve stimulation resulted in a characteristic two-peaked response in the sSNA with the latencies of 115 ⫾ 2 ms and 211 ⫾ 4 ms (n ⫽ 7, Fig. 4A). Bilateral microinjection of DiMe-SP in the RVLM significantly attenuated the first and second peaks to 27 ⫾ 10% and 1 ⫾ 8% baseline, respectively (n ⫽ 6, P ...
... nerve stimulation resulted in a characteristic two-peaked response in the sSNA with the latencies of 115 ⫾ 2 ms and 211 ⫾ 4 ms (n ⫽ 7, Fig. 4A). Bilateral microinjection of DiMe-SP in the RVLM significantly attenuated the first and second peaks to 27 ⫾ 10% and 1 ⫾ 8% baseline, respectively (n ⫽ 6, P ...
Structure and function in the cerebral ganglion
... the species, the type of electrode used and its placement, the oscillations have various waveforms, but they are always continuous at a frequency of approximately 0.7 Hz. Similar oscillations have been reported in a number of olfactory structures from other animals, both invertebrate and invertebrat ...
... the species, the type of electrode used and its placement, the oscillations have various waveforms, but they are always continuous at a frequency of approximately 0.7 Hz. Similar oscillations have been reported in a number of olfactory structures from other animals, both invertebrate and invertebrat ...
Cuneiform Neurons Activated during
... NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d)-containing neurons; the neurotransmitter of the other Fos ⫹ population remains unknown. The Cun nucleus did not contain cholinergic, catecholaminergic, serotonergic, or glycinergic neurons. On the basis of neuronal activation during AS-carbachol, as indicated by c-fos expr ...
... NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d)-containing neurons; the neurotransmitter of the other Fos ⫹ population remains unknown. The Cun nucleus did not contain cholinergic, catecholaminergic, serotonergic, or glycinergic neurons. On the basis of neuronal activation during AS-carbachol, as indicated by c-fos expr ...
neurotransmitters 101
... The brain’s 100 billion neurons connect the various organs and brain regions into a complex network of circuits that control specific functions within the body. Simply speaking, these circuits serve as on/off switches for the millions of messages and processes carried out on a daily basis. For examp ...
... The brain’s 100 billion neurons connect the various organs and brain regions into a complex network of circuits that control specific functions within the body. Simply speaking, these circuits serve as on/off switches for the millions of messages and processes carried out on a daily basis. For examp ...
Mapping Function Onto Neuronal Morphology
... through predetermined spatial regions (1 synapse per 5 m dendrite). Two such regions were specified, one for synapses of each group (termed left and right). These regions were specified as layers, thus a synapse was attached to every 5 m of a dendrite when it was within a pair of z coordinates. A ...
... through predetermined spatial regions (1 synapse per 5 m dendrite). Two such regions were specified, one for synapses of each group (termed left and right). These regions were specified as layers, thus a synapse was attached to every 5 m of a dendrite when it was within a pair of z coordinates. A ...
Role of Astrocytes, Soluble Factors, Cells Adhesion Molecules and
... 252 Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 2010, Vol. 5, No. 3 ...
... 252 Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 2010, Vol. 5, No. 3 ...
Heterogeneity of the Population of Command Neurons in the Lamprey
... and Cohen, 1982; Ohta and Grillner, 1989). Earlier experiments have shown that some RS neurons, when stimulated at high frequency, may exert a detectable effect on the output of spinal locomotor networks (Rovainen, 1967; Buchanan and Cohen, 1982). When discharging at normal frequencies, however, onl ...
... and Cohen, 1982; Ohta and Grillner, 1989). Earlier experiments have shown that some RS neurons, when stimulated at high frequency, may exert a detectable effect on the output of spinal locomotor networks (Rovainen, 1967; Buchanan and Cohen, 1982). When discharging at normal frequencies, however, onl ...
Name Nervous System Questions 1. When a neuron is at its resting
... A. The change in charge difference across the membrane spreads from open potassium channels, causing sodium channels farther along the axon to open. B. The axon returns to its resting potential. C. The change in charge difference across the membrane spreads from open sodium channels, causing sodium ...
... A. The change in charge difference across the membrane spreads from open potassium channels, causing sodium channels farther along the axon to open. B. The axon returns to its resting potential. C. The change in charge difference across the membrane spreads from open sodium channels, causing sodium ...
Adaptation of Firing Rate and Spike
... Adaptation is commonly seen as a decrease in response to a constant stimulus and is thought to accentuate time-varying input while attenuating static background values. Adaptation is ubiquitous in the auditory system and specifically in the sound localization pathway. In psychophysics, adaptation ma ...
... Adaptation is commonly seen as a decrease in response to a constant stimulus and is thought to accentuate time-varying input while attenuating static background values. Adaptation is ubiquitous in the auditory system and specifically in the sound localization pathway. In psychophysics, adaptation ma ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.