Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex
... The mammalian neocortex is a complex, highly organized, six-layered structure that contains hundreds of different neuronal cell types and a diverse range of glia1,2. It is the region of the brain responsible for cognitive function, sensory perception and consciousness, and as such it has undergone p ...
... The mammalian neocortex is a complex, highly organized, six-layered structure that contains hundreds of different neuronal cell types and a diverse range of glia1,2. It is the region of the brain responsible for cognitive function, sensory perception and consciousness, and as such it has undergone p ...
A Biologically Plausible Spiking Neuron Model of Fear Conditioning
... Neuromodulatory/excitatory connection ...
... Neuromodulatory/excitatory connection ...
reciprocal inhibition in the motor nervous system of the nematode
... includes the processes of three types of dorsal excitatory (DE) motoneurons and one type of ventral inhibitory (VI) motoneuron. Ultrastructural studies have revealed that the axons of the DE motoneurons make monosynaptic contacts with the dorsal processes of VI motoneurons. In this paper, we describ ...
... includes the processes of three types of dorsal excitatory (DE) motoneurons and one type of ventral inhibitory (VI) motoneuron. Ultrastructural studies have revealed that the axons of the DE motoneurons make monosynaptic contacts with the dorsal processes of VI motoneurons. In this paper, we describ ...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Placement and Functional
... synapses, classified as type 1 synapses, are innervated by axons of glutamatergic neurons (Baude et al. 1993). While there are a few reports of specific cell regions on particular types of neurons where type 1 synapses are localized directly on the dendritic shaft (Megias et al. 2001; Parnavelas et ...
... synapses, classified as type 1 synapses, are innervated by axons of glutamatergic neurons (Baude et al. 1993). While there are a few reports of specific cell regions on particular types of neurons where type 1 synapses are localized directly on the dendritic shaft (Megias et al. 2001; Parnavelas et ...
C-fos Expression in the Pons and Medulla of the Cat during
... Tables I, 2). Because the activity in a number of pontomedullary structures is known to be correlated during active sleep, a multivariate method for comparing mean profiles between groups, such as a multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) test, is necessary. However, a MANOVA comparison of mean profiles require ...
... Tables I, 2). Because the activity in a number of pontomedullary structures is known to be correlated during active sleep, a multivariate method for comparing mean profiles between groups, such as a multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) test, is necessary. However, a MANOVA comparison of mean profiles require ...
Spontaneous persistent activity in entorhinal cortex modulates
... animals showed similar persistent Up states. However, the relatively longer duration of Down states observed under anesthesia, compared to normal sleep, allows unequivocal detection, and more accurate analysis, of the temporal dynamics of persistent activity and its influence on cortico-hippocampal ...
... animals showed similar persistent Up states. However, the relatively longer duration of Down states observed under anesthesia, compared to normal sleep, allows unequivocal detection, and more accurate analysis, of the temporal dynamics of persistent activity and its influence on cortico-hippocampal ...
Guided outgrowth of leech neurons in culture
... adhesion of neurites to the nonirradiated substrate [7]. In our case a distinction of guidance mechanisms such as 'differential adhesion' or 'substrate limitation' [7] is not possible• Meandering of neurites within the lanes was not observed in contrast to the outgrowth of retinal neurons from chick ...
... adhesion of neurites to the nonirradiated substrate [7]. In our case a distinction of guidance mechanisms such as 'differential adhesion' or 'substrate limitation' [7] is not possible• Meandering of neurites within the lanes was not observed in contrast to the outgrowth of retinal neurons from chick ...
Functional Clustering Drives Encoding Improvement in a
... . These authors contributed equally to this work. ...
... . These authors contributed equally to this work. ...
The Action Potential, Synaptic Transmission, and Maintenance of
... Ions can flow across the nerve cell membrane through three types of ion channels: nongated (leakage), ligand-gated, and voltage-gated (Fig. 3.3). Nongated ion channels are always open. They are responsible for the influx of Na⫹ and efflux of K⫹ when the neuron is in its resting state. Ligandgated io ...
... Ions can flow across the nerve cell membrane through three types of ion channels: nongated (leakage), ligand-gated, and voltage-gated (Fig. 3.3). Nongated ion channels are always open. They are responsible for the influx of Na⫹ and efflux of K⫹ when the neuron is in its resting state. Ligandgated io ...
Function of Peripheral Olfactory Organs
... regardless of whether they are responding to sex pheromone (Kaissling 1997), host-plant odour (Zanen and Card6 1996), or host-animal odour (Gibson et al. 1991, Coss6 and Baker 1996). The overlap between host odour and pheromone response systems is illustrated most graphically by the antenna1 transpl ...
... regardless of whether they are responding to sex pheromone (Kaissling 1997), host-plant odour (Zanen and Card6 1996), or host-animal odour (Gibson et al. 1991, Coss6 and Baker 1996). The overlap between host odour and pheromone response systems is illustrated most graphically by the antenna1 transpl ...
A first-principle for the nervous system
... cue stimulus. The cue stimulus is expected to induce units of internal sensations that undergo a computational process at physiological time-scales. For example, rapidly changing a general cue stimulus step-by-step towards a specific one leads to corresponding changes in the retrieved memories from ...
... cue stimulus. The cue stimulus is expected to induce units of internal sensations that undergo a computational process at physiological time-scales. For example, rapidly changing a general cue stimulus step-by-step towards a specific one leads to corresponding changes in the retrieved memories from ...
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: Therapeutic Targets
... electrogenesis has made them attractive targets for pharmacotherapeutic approaches aimed at attenuating neuronal firing that result in pain. In this article, we will review current knowledge of neuronal sodium channels as molecular targets, with a major focus on the isoforms preferentially expressed ...
... electrogenesis has made them attractive targets for pharmacotherapeutic approaches aimed at attenuating neuronal firing that result in pain. In this article, we will review current knowledge of neuronal sodium channels as molecular targets, with a major focus on the isoforms preferentially expressed ...
Comprehensive imaging of cortical networks
... been performed using 2-photon laser scanning microscopy [50]. 2-Photon excitation provides localization of excitation in scattering tissue, which in turn produces threedimensional contrast and resolution. As a result of localization of excitation, scattered and non-scattered photons both contribute ...
... been performed using 2-photon laser scanning microscopy [50]. 2-Photon excitation provides localization of excitation in scattering tissue, which in turn produces threedimensional contrast and resolution. As a result of localization of excitation, scattered and non-scattered photons both contribute ...
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
... electrogenesis has made them attractive targets for pharmacotherapeutic approaches aimed at attenuating neuronal firing that result in pain. In this article, we will review current knowledge of neuronal sodium channels as molecular targets, with a major focus on the isoforms preferentially expressed ...
... electrogenesis has made them attractive targets for pharmacotherapeutic approaches aimed at attenuating neuronal firing that result in pain. In this article, we will review current knowledge of neuronal sodium channels as molecular targets, with a major focus on the isoforms preferentially expressed ...
Involvement of the Caudal Medulla in Negative Feedback
... heat stimuli to the excitatory receptive fields and simultaneously to adjacent, much larger, areas of the body results in a surfacerelated reduction in the responses of lumbar dorsal horn convergent neurons. These inhibitory effects induced by spatial summation of nociceptive inputs have been shown ...
... heat stimuli to the excitatory receptive fields and simultaneously to adjacent, much larger, areas of the body results in a surfacerelated reduction in the responses of lumbar dorsal horn convergent neurons. These inhibitory effects induced by spatial summation of nociceptive inputs have been shown ...
Neuroanatomy and function of brain structures involved in the
... factor which is released into the portal blood and inhibits the PRL secretion. Soon it was realized that this inhibiting factor is dopamine (DA). DA is one of catecholamine neurotransmitters. There are neurons which use it as neurohormone. These neurons take up tyrosine and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) ...
... factor which is released into the portal blood and inhibits the PRL secretion. Soon it was realized that this inhibiting factor is dopamine (DA). DA is one of catecholamine neurotransmitters. There are neurons which use it as neurohormone. These neurons take up tyrosine and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) ...
Number and Laminar Distribution of Neurons in a
... contained in the slice (judged by either a successive increase and a decrease of the cross section size or by a constant cross section size ...
... contained in the slice (judged by either a successive increase and a decrease of the cross section size or by a constant cross section size ...
Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase-like
... For Manduca sexta a large body of knowledge exists regarding the various developmental fates of identified neurons in the metamorphosing nervous system (for review see Truman, 1996). Most nerve cells of the adult brain that differentiate during metamorphosis arise from neuroblasts that have been arre ...
... For Manduca sexta a large body of knowledge exists regarding the various developmental fates of identified neurons in the metamorphosing nervous system (for review see Truman, 1996). Most nerve cells of the adult brain that differentiate during metamorphosis arise from neuroblasts that have been arre ...
Glutamatergic activation of anterior cingulate cortex produces
... vide an aversive teaching signal, direct activation of these ACC neu- necessary specifically during the acquisition of F-CPA. The existence rons during conditioning, in the absence of a peripheral noxious of a significant spino-thalamo-cingulate nociceptive projection pathstimulus, should produce an ...
... vide an aversive teaching signal, direct activation of these ACC neu- necessary specifically during the acquisition of F-CPA. The existence rons during conditioning, in the absence of a peripheral noxious of a significant spino-thalamo-cingulate nociceptive projection pathstimulus, should produce an ...
Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
... in animals identified a hypothalamic site involving the lateral preoptic area where lesions caused similar insomnia21,22. During the 1980s and 1990s, investigators began to examine the inputs to the monoaminergic cell groups that might be responsible for their remarkable, stereotyped and coordinated ...
... in animals identified a hypothalamic site involving the lateral preoptic area where lesions caused similar insomnia21,22. During the 1980s and 1990s, investigators began to examine the inputs to the monoaminergic cell groups that might be responsible for their remarkable, stereotyped and coordinated ...
AP Biology Campbell 8th Edition Chapter 1 Study Guide
... • If the stimulus to the axon hillock is great enough, the neuron depolarizes by about 15 millivolts and reaches a trigger point called threshold. • At threshold, an action potential is generated. Weak stimuli that do not reach threshold do not produce an action potential. ...
... • If the stimulus to the axon hillock is great enough, the neuron depolarizes by about 15 millivolts and reaches a trigger point called threshold. • At threshold, an action potential is generated. Weak stimuli that do not reach threshold do not produce an action potential. ...
Optical recording of electrical activity in intact neuronal networks
... neuroscience is how simple processes in neurons can generate cognitive functions and form complex memories like those experienced by humans and animals. In principle, if one were able to record from all the neurons in a network involved in a given behavior, it would be possible to reconstruct the r ...
... neuroscience is how simple processes in neurons can generate cognitive functions and form complex memories like those experienced by humans and animals. In principle, if one were able to record from all the neurons in a network involved in a given behavior, it would be possible to reconstruct the r ...
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... 1998b). They include fast and prolonged depolarization mediated by 5-HT3 and 5-HT1P receptors, respectively, and an indirect effect that involves the stimulation of cholinergic interneurons (supplying the SO neurons) via 5-HT3 receptor. Mawe and Kennedy (1998, 1999) have performed two experiments in ...
... 1998b). They include fast and prolonged depolarization mediated by 5-HT3 and 5-HT1P receptors, respectively, and an indirect effect that involves the stimulation of cholinergic interneurons (supplying the SO neurons) via 5-HT3 receptor. Mawe and Kennedy (1998, 1999) have performed two experiments in ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.