![The Basal Ganglia and Chunking of Action Repertoires](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/003303319_1-d6df44b776fa778f41f6e961cbfd04c3-300x300.png)
Central mechanisms of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation
... 15 minutes56. Osmoreceptors in these areas can therefore detect the osmotic strength of ingested materials and, through afferent connections to the CNS (FIG. 3), induce anticipatory responses that might buffer the potential impact of ingestion-related osmotic perturbations61. Indeed, water intake ca ...
... 15 minutes56. Osmoreceptors in these areas can therefore detect the osmotic strength of ingested materials and, through afferent connections to the CNS (FIG. 3), induce anticipatory responses that might buffer the potential impact of ingestion-related osmotic perturbations61. Indeed, water intake ca ...
Attractor concretion as a mechanism for the formation of context
... Belova et al., 2007; Salzman et al., 2007; Belova et al., 2008; Morrison and Salzman, 2009). In those experiments, monkeys learned whether an abstract fractal image (conditioned stimulus, CS) predicted liquid reward or aversive air-puffs (unconditioned stimulus, US) after a brief time (trace) interv ...
... Belova et al., 2007; Salzman et al., 2007; Belova et al., 2008; Morrison and Salzman, 2009). In those experiments, monkeys learned whether an abstract fractal image (conditioned stimulus, CS) predicted liquid reward or aversive air-puffs (unconditioned stimulus, US) after a brief time (trace) interv ...
RESOURCE - Synthetic Neurobiology Group
... Cell type–specific expression of optogenetic molecules allows temporally precise manipulation of targeted neuronal activity. Here we present a toolbox of four knock-in mouse lines engineered for strong, Cre-dependent expression of channelrhodopsins ChR2-tdTomato and ChR2-EYFP, halorhodopsin eNpHR3.0 ...
... Cell type–specific expression of optogenetic molecules allows temporally precise manipulation of targeted neuronal activity. Here we present a toolbox of four knock-in mouse lines engineered for strong, Cre-dependent expression of channelrhodopsins ChR2-tdTomato and ChR2-EYFP, halorhodopsin eNpHR3.0 ...
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... Ion trafficking across biological membranes is mediated by channels and transporters, and these two types of molecules form the basis of electrical signaling in the nervous system. However, the volume of research on voltage- and ligand-gated channels is orders of magnitude higher than what has been ...
... Ion trafficking across biological membranes is mediated by channels and transporters, and these two types of molecules form the basis of electrical signaling in the nervous system. However, the volume of research on voltage- and ligand-gated channels is orders of magnitude higher than what has been ...
Slide 1 - OCCC.edu
... The Hering-Breuer reflex inhibits respiratory control centers by way of pulmonary stretch receptors This reflex prevents over distention of the lungs and contributes to the smoothness of ventilation ...
... The Hering-Breuer reflex inhibits respiratory control centers by way of pulmonary stretch receptors This reflex prevents over distention of the lungs and contributes to the smoothness of ventilation ...
Cerebellar Peduncle Pathways
... Damage or degenera2on of nerve cells in focal regions of the cerebellum ...
... Damage or degenera2on of nerve cells in focal regions of the cerebellum ...
Nerve Fiber Classification Nerve fibers are classified according to:
... Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Neuronal Activation in the Medulla Oblongata During Selective
... these studies, abdominal, oropharyngeal, and esophageal muscles were active during cough or swallow. Although both of these studies found neuronal activation in some common brain stem regions, certain regions showed neuronal activity during swallowing but not during coughing and vice versa. For exam ...
... these studies, abdominal, oropharyngeal, and esophageal muscles were active during cough or swallow. Although both of these studies found neuronal activation in some common brain stem regions, certain regions showed neuronal activity during swallowing but not during coughing and vice versa. For exam ...
6th ANNUAL NEUROSCIENCE, BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH RESEARCH FORUM The University of Vermont
... University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405 Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients often experience constipation, but the etiology of this symptom is unknown. To gain a better understanding of this condition, we tested whether gastrointestinal (GI) function is altered in mice with expe ...
... University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405 Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients often experience constipation, but the etiology of this symptom is unknown. To gain a better understanding of this condition, we tested whether gastrointestinal (GI) function is altered in mice with expe ...
How microglia kill neurons
... 2014). And it is certainly important to test whether mechanisms found in vitro apply in vivo by blocking the candidate mechanism and determining whether this prevents the pathology and we review some such studies below. Microglia normally function to protect neurons by for example killing pathogens, ...
... 2014). And it is certainly important to test whether mechanisms found in vitro apply in vivo by blocking the candidate mechanism and determining whether this prevents the pathology and we review some such studies below. Microglia normally function to protect neurons by for example killing pathogens, ...
THE PEDAL NEURONS OF APLYSIA PUNCTATA
... Experiments using the recording technique reveal that many of the axons in the first nerve show very small action potentials (Fig. 3 A) which are more clearly seen by photographing a number of superimposed sweeps. There are also a number of presumably larger axons which show action potentials well a ...
... Experiments using the recording technique reveal that many of the axons in the first nerve show very small action potentials (Fig. 3 A) which are more clearly seen by photographing a number of superimposed sweeps. There are also a number of presumably larger axons which show action potentials well a ...
Probing forebrain to hindbrain circuit functions in
... F I G U R E 3 Initiation and production of vocal motor patterns in X. laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male bra ...
... F I G U R E 3 Initiation and production of vocal motor patterns in X. laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male bra ...
NK1 receptor-expressing spinoparabrachial neurons trigger diffuse
... feature of DNIC is that they are subserved by a loop that involves supraspinal structures that have not yet been identified. Using behavioral, in vivo extracellular electrophysiological and anatomical approaches, we studied the neuronal network underlying DNIC. Using a new behavioral model of DNIC, i ...
... feature of DNIC is that they are subserved by a loop that involves supraspinal structures that have not yet been identified. Using behavioral, in vivo extracellular electrophysiological and anatomical approaches, we studied the neuronal network underlying DNIC. Using a new behavioral model of DNIC, i ...
A Model of Surround Suppression Through Cortical Feedback
... reason is that these effects may tell us something about the underlying cortical microcircuitry of primary visual cortex. The most straight-forward models of the primary visual cortex involve feedforward connections to linear Gabor-like filters. This type of model cannot describe these surround supp ...
... reason is that these effects may tell us something about the underlying cortical microcircuitry of primary visual cortex. The most straight-forward models of the primary visual cortex involve feedforward connections to linear Gabor-like filters. This type of model cannot describe these surround supp ...
Changes in GABA Modulation During a Theta Cycle May Be
... If a1 is active and a2 is receiving biasing input, then the system has only two possible final states: for low Abias , both a2 and a3 are active, whereas for Abias sufficiently large, only a2 is active in the final state, so sequence disambiguation is successful. We found the minimum Abias necessary ...
... If a1 is active and a2 is receiving biasing input, then the system has only two possible final states: for low Abias , both a2 and a3 are active, whereas for Abias sufficiently large, only a2 is active in the final state, so sequence disambiguation is successful. We found the minimum Abias necessary ...
Two-Photon Targeted Patching and Electroporation In Vivo
... most numerous cell types being more readily sampled than the smallest or least abundant cells. This is, of course, dependent on the overall architecture of the brain area of interest, but in many regions that contain anatomically, genetically, and functionally diverse populations of neurons, such as ...
... most numerous cell types being more readily sampled than the smallest or least abundant cells. This is, of course, dependent on the overall architecture of the brain area of interest, but in many regions that contain anatomically, genetically, and functionally diverse populations of neurons, such as ...
Probing forebrain to hindbrain circuit functions in Xenopus
... laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male brain, nucleus ambiguus (NA) that includes glottal and laryngeal motor ne ...
... laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male brain, nucleus ambiguus (NA) that includes glottal and laryngeal motor ne ...
- Wiley Online Library
... laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male brain, nucleus ambiguus (NA) that includes glottal and laryngeal motor ne ...
... laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male brain, nucleus ambiguus (NA) that includes glottal and laryngeal motor ne ...
Mesodermal and neuronal retinoids regulate the induction and
... in forelimb spinal motor neurons led to a decrease of forelimb LMCl neurons, supporting the idea that motor neuron sources of RA are partly required for LMCl specification (Vermot et al., 2005, Fig. 8A). The homeobox protein Hoxc8 is thought to mediate this process as Hoxc8 expression is lost in LMC ...
... in forelimb spinal motor neurons led to a decrease of forelimb LMCl neurons, supporting the idea that motor neuron sources of RA are partly required for LMCl specification (Vermot et al., 2005, Fig. 8A). The homeobox protein Hoxc8 is thought to mediate this process as Hoxc8 expression is lost in LMC ...
Histamine neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus: a whole center
... HETEROGENEITY OF HISTAMINE NEURONS IN RESPONSE TO STRESS In the rat brain histaminergic, neuronal somata are grouped within the TMN in five clusters, E1–E5, each of which sends overlapping projections throughout the neuroaxis with a low level of topographical organization, and bridged by scattered n ...
... HETEROGENEITY OF HISTAMINE NEURONS IN RESPONSE TO STRESS In the rat brain histaminergic, neuronal somata are grouped within the TMN in five clusters, E1–E5, each of which sends overlapping projections throughout the neuroaxis with a low level of topographical organization, and bridged by scattered n ...
Neural Coding 2016
... bridging disciplines and introducing theoretical ideas and methods to neuroscience research. This concept of combining theoretical and experimental approaches has proven highly successful and nowadays plays a pivotal role in the modern neurosciences. Research in neural coding covers neural represent ...
... bridging disciplines and introducing theoretical ideas and methods to neuroscience research. This concept of combining theoretical and experimental approaches has proven highly successful and nowadays plays a pivotal role in the modern neurosciences. Research in neural coding covers neural represent ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.