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Amo, Neuron, 2014
... alone. A candidate site responsible for active avoidance is the lateral habenula (LHb). In mammals, LHb neurons are phasically activated to negative or aversive emotional events or by situations where the outcome does not match the initial expectation, suggesting a role in transmitting antireward an ...
... alone. A candidate site responsible for active avoidance is the lateral habenula (LHb). In mammals, LHb neurons are phasically activated to negative or aversive emotional events or by situations where the outcome does not match the initial expectation, suggesting a role in transmitting antireward an ...
Burst Firing and Modulation of Functional Connectivity in Cat Striate
... cells on spike generation by postsynaptic cells. Multiunit recordings were dissected into the activity of individual neurons within the recorded group. Cross-correlation analysis was then used to identify directly coupled neuron pairs. The 22 multiunit groups recorded typically showed activity from ...
... cells on spike generation by postsynaptic cells. Multiunit recordings were dissected into the activity of individual neurons within the recorded group. Cross-correlation analysis was then used to identify directly coupled neuron pairs. The 22 multiunit groups recorded typically showed activity from ...
er81 is expressed in a subpopulation of layer 5
... neurogenesis in rodent cortex has shown that cells born at the same time migrate to various radial positions spanning more than half of the cortical thickness (Takahashi et al., 1999), indicating that other factors than laminar constraints may also be involved in cell type specification. The cellula ...
... neurogenesis in rodent cortex has shown that cells born at the same time migrate to various radial positions spanning more than half of the cortical thickness (Takahashi et al., 1999), indicating that other factors than laminar constraints may also be involved in cell type specification. The cellula ...
Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic
... identify and/or lesion A2 neurons; however, these criteria do not allow A2 and C2 neurons to be distinguished within visceral NST regions where they overlap. The extent to which the connections and functions of these rostral A2/caudal C2 neurons are similar or unique remains largely unexplored. Tran ...
... identify and/or lesion A2 neurons; however, these criteria do not allow A2 and C2 neurons to be distinguished within visceral NST regions where they overlap. The extent to which the connections and functions of these rostral A2/caudal C2 neurons are similar or unique remains largely unexplored. Tran ...
01 Mills
... downward, producing a fall in intrathoracic pressure. The descent increases intra-abdominal pressure which is transmitted laterally to the lower rib cage via the zone of apposition where the diaphragm is flat against the adjacent pleura and the lower ribs. This forces the rib cage outward and, as th ...
... downward, producing a fall in intrathoracic pressure. The descent increases intra-abdominal pressure which is transmitted laterally to the lower rib cage via the zone of apposition where the diaphragm is flat against the adjacent pleura and the lower ribs. This forces the rib cage outward and, as th ...
Musings on the Wanderer: What`s New in Our Understanding of
... lack of one or more requisite trophic factors from the target organ. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that the degeneration of DMNV neurons after vagal injury was significantly reduced by a bolus administration of fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF)-1 or acidic FGF to the vagus nerve trunk immediat ...
... lack of one or more requisite trophic factors from the target organ. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that the degeneration of DMNV neurons after vagal injury was significantly reduced by a bolus administration of fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF)-1 or acidic FGF to the vagus nerve trunk immediat ...
This article was originally published in a journal published by
... role in increasing theta rhythm oscillations within the hippocampal formation [36,37]. Learning is enhanced when stimuli are presented during periods of theta rhythmicity [38]. Modeling demonstrates how performance in memory tasks can be enhanced by a shift in network function between an encoding p ...
... role in increasing theta rhythm oscillations within the hippocampal formation [36,37]. Learning is enhanced when stimuli are presented during periods of theta rhythmicity [38]. Modeling demonstrates how performance in memory tasks can be enhanced by a shift in network function between an encoding p ...
Molecular heterogeneity of central synapses: afferent and target
... regulated by cellular domain (Fig. 1f). Some aspects of synaptic composition are determined by synapse location on the cell, and this in turn can be determined intrinsic features of the neuron. Thus certain domains of axons or dendrites are permissive or instructive for specific classes or features ...
... regulated by cellular domain (Fig. 1f). Some aspects of synaptic composition are determined by synapse location on the cell, and this in turn can be determined intrinsic features of the neuron. Thus certain domains of axons or dendrites are permissive or instructive for specific classes or features ...
The functional asymmetry of auditory cortex is reflected
... The primary auditory cortex (A1) is organized tonotopically, with neurons sensitive to high and low frequencies arranged in a rostro-caudal gradient. We used laser scanning photostimulation in acute slices to study the organization of local excitatory connections onto layers 2 and 3 (L2/3) of the mo ...
... The primary auditory cortex (A1) is organized tonotopically, with neurons sensitive to high and low frequencies arranged in a rostro-caudal gradient. We used laser scanning photostimulation in acute slices to study the organization of local excitatory connections onto layers 2 and 3 (L2/3) of the mo ...
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex during Licking
... returned to baseline in tens of milliseconds. Tastant-responsive neurons were broadly tuned and responded to increasing tastant concentrations by either increasing or decreasing their firing rates. In addition, some responses were only evoked at intermediate tastant concentrations. In summary, these ...
... returned to baseline in tens of milliseconds. Tastant-responsive neurons were broadly tuned and responded to increasing tastant concentrations by either increasing or decreasing their firing rates. In addition, some responses were only evoked at intermediate tastant concentrations. In summary, these ...
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex
... returned to baseline in tens of milliseconds. Tastant-responsive neurons were broadly tuned and responded to increasing tastant concentrations by either increasing or decreasing their firing rates. In addition, some responses were only evoked at intermediate tastant concentrations. In summary, these ...
... returned to baseline in tens of milliseconds. Tastant-responsive neurons were broadly tuned and responded to increasing tastant concentrations by either increasing or decreasing their firing rates. In addition, some responses were only evoked at intermediate tastant concentrations. In summary, these ...
2011 CSH - Harvard University
... Activity-dependent plasticity of vertebrate neurons allows the brain to respond to its environment. During brain development, both spontaneous and sensory-driven neural activity are essential for instructively guiding the process of synapse development. These effects of neuronal activity are transdu ...
... Activity-dependent plasticity of vertebrate neurons allows the brain to respond to its environment. During brain development, both spontaneous and sensory-driven neural activity are essential for instructively guiding the process of synapse development. These effects of neuronal activity are transdu ...
NIH Public Access
... specific to PV+ neurons (Fig. 1a). To measure the effect of ChR2 activation, we inserted a multichannel silicon probe4,5 near the injection site for simultaneous recording from all cortical layers (Supplementary Fig. 1b). Upon stimulation with blue (473 nm) laser, a small fraction (12/96, 13%) of th ...
... specific to PV+ neurons (Fig. 1a). To measure the effect of ChR2 activation, we inserted a multichannel silicon probe4,5 near the injection site for simultaneous recording from all cortical layers (Supplementary Fig. 1b). Upon stimulation with blue (473 nm) laser, a small fraction (12/96, 13%) of th ...
Respiratory Physio Detailed File
... • Spirometer: instrument used to measure respiratory volumes and capacities • Spirometry can distinguish between – Obstructive pulmonary disease—increased airway resistance (e.g., bronchitis) – Restrictive disorders—reduction in total lung capacity due to structural or functional lung changes (e.g., ...
... • Spirometer: instrument used to measure respiratory volumes and capacities • Spirometry can distinguish between – Obstructive pulmonary disease—increased airway resistance (e.g., bronchitis) – Restrictive disorders—reduction in total lung capacity due to structural or functional lung changes (e.g., ...
Stimulation-Induced Functional Decoupling (SIFD)
... Reception rate of neurotransmitters for each neuron: included in the spike reception rate ...
... Reception rate of neurotransmitters for each neuron: included in the spike reception rate ...
Caffeine promotes glutamate and histamine release in the posterior
... caffeine may promote waking through reduced release of GABA in the PH. Adenosine receptor A2A immunoreactivity is observed primarily at glutamatergic (asymmetric) synapses (17). Thus it is possible that caffeine acting through A2AR plays a prominent role in modulating glutamatergic input to various ...
... caffeine may promote waking through reduced release of GABA in the PH. Adenosine receptor A2A immunoreactivity is observed primarily at glutamatergic (asymmetric) synapses (17). Thus it is possible that caffeine acting through A2AR plays a prominent role in modulating glutamatergic input to various ...
Got diversity? Wiring the fly brain with Dscam
... alternatives; the exon-9 block contains 33 alternatives; and the exon-17 block contains two alternatives. Each transcript contains one alternative exon from each block. The proteins generated by alternative splicing share the same domain structure: immunoglobulin (Ig) domains (spheres); fibronectin ...
... alternatives; the exon-9 block contains 33 alternatives; and the exon-17 block contains two alternatives. Each transcript contains one alternative exon from each block. The proteins generated by alternative splicing share the same domain structure: immunoglobulin (Ig) domains (spheres); fibronectin ...
On the relevance of time in neural computation and learning
... These data (and many other recordings) also show that typical =ring rates of biological neurons are relatively low – typically well below 100 Hz. They are especially low in higher cortical areas of more advanced species. On the other hand complex multi-layer biological neural systems with at least 1 ...
... These data (and many other recordings) also show that typical =ring rates of biological neurons are relatively low – typically well below 100 Hz. They are especially low in higher cortical areas of more advanced species. On the other hand complex multi-layer biological neural systems with at least 1 ...
excitation and inhibition of the reflex eye withdrawal of the crab
... confined mainly to the damaged side. If both connectives are cut or both statocysts removed, both eyes blink but are not synchronized. Electrophysiology ...
... confined mainly to the damaged side. If both connectives are cut or both statocysts removed, both eyes blink but are not synchronized. Electrophysiology ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.