Lecture 6: Single neuron models
... One of the most popular neuronal models (simple but capture important neuronal properties) One of the oldest... proposed by Lapicque (1907) way before the mechanisms that generate action potential we understood Neurons integrate inputs (synaptic currents) from other neurons, and when “enough” are re ...
... One of the most popular neuronal models (simple but capture important neuronal properties) One of the oldest... proposed by Lapicque (1907) way before the mechanisms that generate action potential we understood Neurons integrate inputs (synaptic currents) from other neurons, and when “enough” are re ...
Dopaminergic Transmission and Wake
... Early biochemical studies suggested that cocaine and amphetamine inhibit the reuptake of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin into nerve terminals. In addition, amphetamines affect the transport of monamines into synaptic vesicles. The development of radioligands for DAT led to studies which showed ...
... Early biochemical studies suggested that cocaine and amphetamine inhibit the reuptake of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin into nerve terminals. In addition, amphetamines affect the transport of monamines into synaptic vesicles. The development of radioligands for DAT led to studies which showed ...
Central neural control of the cardiovascular system
... is regulated by sympathetic premotor neurons located in the lower brain stem and hypothalamus, whereas vagal cardiac outflow originates primarily from the nucleus ambiguus in the medulla oblongata. The activity of the sympathetic premotor neurons and cardiac vagal neurons is controlled by two genera ...
... is regulated by sympathetic premotor neurons located in the lower brain stem and hypothalamus, whereas vagal cardiac outflow originates primarily from the nucleus ambiguus in the medulla oblongata. The activity of the sympathetic premotor neurons and cardiac vagal neurons is controlled by two genera ...
Articles in PresS. J Neurophysiol (March 20, 2003). 10.1152/jn
... in our model, Kir2 and Ksi (si, slowly inactivating), have been shown (Nisenbaum and Wilson 1995) to account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured in spiny neurons. We recognize that the si K+ current is likely to arise from at least two channel types, b ...
... in our model, Kir2 and Ksi (si, slowly inactivating), have been shown (Nisenbaum and Wilson 1995) to account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured in spiny neurons. We recognize that the si K+ current is likely to arise from at least two channel types, b ...
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Gets Split: Why Does Cortisol
... each bout of locomotion (9). To determine the hypothalamic basis for the pituitary response, GnRH neuronal activation was monitored; hamsters showed parallel leftright asymmetry in Fos expression in the SCN and in preoptic area GnRH neurons, suggesting that each LH surge was mediated by sided SCN-pr ...
... each bout of locomotion (9). To determine the hypothalamic basis for the pituitary response, GnRH neuronal activation was monitored; hamsters showed parallel leftright asymmetry in Fos expression in the SCN and in preoptic area GnRH neurons, suggesting that each LH surge was mediated by sided SCN-pr ...
DOWN - Ubiquitous Computing Lab
... INT Winner; /* - last winner in Kohonen layer */ REAL Alpha; /* - learning rate for Kohonen layer */ REAL Alpha_; /* - learning rate for output layer */ REAL Alpha__; /* - learning rate for step sizes */ ...
... INT Winner; /* - last winner in Kohonen layer */ REAL Alpha; /* - learning rate for Kohonen layer */ REAL Alpha_; /* - learning rate for output layer */ REAL Alpha__; /* - learning rate for step sizes */ ...
Anatomical origins of the classical receptive field and modulatory
... include different stimulus contrasts, hand- versus computer mapping, single small flashed bars or grating stimuli presented at different locations or expanded in size (Fig. 4). One reason for these differences is that certain techniques do not reveal the full spatial extent of visual sensitivity. Fo ...
... include different stimulus contrasts, hand- versus computer mapping, single small flashed bars or grating stimuli presented at different locations or expanded in size (Fig. 4). One reason for these differences is that certain techniques do not reveal the full spatial extent of visual sensitivity. Fo ...
Central nervous system control of food intake and body
... weight loss to increase ghrelin levels20 may (along with reduced leptin and insulin levels) contribute to weight regain. Nutrient-related signals. In addition to molecular targets of current anti-obesity drugs, including receptors for endocannabinoids, norepinephrine and serotonin21–23, several nutr ...
... weight loss to increase ghrelin levels20 may (along with reduced leptin and insulin levels) contribute to weight regain. Nutrient-related signals. In addition to molecular targets of current anti-obesity drugs, including receptors for endocannabinoids, norepinephrine and serotonin21–23, several nutr ...
Role of Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress - Diabetes
... myelinated and unmyelinated fibers (1,2). It has been proposed that high glucose concentrations induce toxicity and cell death in sensory neurons, and this triggers diabetic neuropathy through loss of nerve fibers (3). Cultured embryonic dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons were exposed to high nonp ...
... myelinated and unmyelinated fibers (1,2). It has been proposed that high glucose concentrations induce toxicity and cell death in sensory neurons, and this triggers diabetic neuropathy through loss of nerve fibers (3). Cultured embryonic dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons were exposed to high nonp ...
Prevalent Presence of Periodic Actin-spectrin-based
... cultured from mouse central and peripheral nervous systems, including excitatory and inhibitory neurons from several brain regions, as well as sensory and motor neurons. Quantitative analyses show that MPS is preferentially formed in axons in all neuronal types tested here: spectrin shows a long-ran ...
... cultured from mouse central and peripheral nervous systems, including excitatory and inhibitory neurons from several brain regions, as well as sensory and motor neurons. Quantitative analyses show that MPS is preferentially formed in axons in all neuronal types tested here: spectrin shows a long-ran ...
Pathways for emotions and memory
... basolateral nucleus; BM, basomedial nucleus (also known as accessory basal); CA1–CA4, cornu Ammonis hippocampal fields of Lorente de Nó (Lorente de Nó, 1934); CB, calbindin; Cdc, central densocellular nucleus; Ce, central nucleus; Clc, central latocellular nucleus; Csl, central superior lateral nu ...
... basolateral nucleus; BM, basomedial nucleus (also known as accessory basal); CA1–CA4, cornu Ammonis hippocampal fields of Lorente de Nó (Lorente de Nó, 1934); CB, calbindin; Cdc, central densocellular nucleus; Ce, central nucleus; Clc, central latocellular nucleus; Csl, central superior lateral nu ...
Depolarization stimulates lamellipodia formation and
... below. and a small aliquot Ž0.5 ml. was incubated with DiI ŽMolecular Probes; 50 m grml. for 30 min at 368C. Meanwhile, the larger part of the cell suspension was counted and diluted to 3 million cells per milliliter in GCM. The stained cells were quickly pelleted for 10 s in an eppendorf centrifuge ...
... below. and a small aliquot Ž0.5 ml. was incubated with DiI ŽMolecular Probes; 50 m grml. for 30 min at 368C. Meanwhile, the larger part of the cell suspension was counted and diluted to 3 million cells per milliliter in GCM. The stained cells were quickly pelleted for 10 s in an eppendorf centrifuge ...
Big Myth or Major Miss? - Perceptual Science Laboratory
... claims of embodied cognition such as a) perception and action are intimately linked, and b) what appears to be high-‐level or abstract cognitive phenomena (e.g., language, goal understanding, mind reading) a ...
... claims of embodied cognition such as a) perception and action are intimately linked, and b) what appears to be high-‐level or abstract cognitive phenomena (e.g., language, goal understanding, mind reading) a ...
Viral vector-based tools advance knowledge of basal ganglia
... and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (Delong and Wichmann 2007). Psychiatric disorders arising from BG dysfunction include Tourette’s syndrome, schizophrenia, depression, OCD, and drug addiction (Ring and Serra-Mestress 2002). Dorsal and ventral BG nuclei contain GABAergic, glutamatergic, choline ...
... and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (Delong and Wichmann 2007). Psychiatric disorders arising from BG dysfunction include Tourette’s syndrome, schizophrenia, depression, OCD, and drug addiction (Ring and Serra-Mestress 2002). Dorsal and ventral BG nuclei contain GABAergic, glutamatergic, choline ...
Neuropeptide-Mediated Facilitation and Inhibition of Sensory Inputs
... GABAB agonists] were studied on reflex responses evoked by cutaneous stimulation in the lamprey. Reflex responses were elicited in an isolated spinal cord preparation by electrical stimulation of the attached tail fin. To be able to separate modulator-induced effects at the sensory level from that a ...
... GABAB agonists] were studied on reflex responses evoked by cutaneous stimulation in the lamprey. Reflex responses were elicited in an isolated spinal cord preparation by electrical stimulation of the attached tail fin. To be able to separate modulator-induced effects at the sensory level from that a ...
Rhythmicity, randomness and synchrony in climbing fiber signals
... indicated by multiple peaks in autocorrelograms. These results suggest that any input to the inferior olive, whether it is inhibitory (GABA) or excitatory (glutamate), suppresses rhythmicity. The inferior olive receives abundant GABAergic inputs from the cerebellar nuclei, and excitatory inputs from ...
... indicated by multiple peaks in autocorrelograms. These results suggest that any input to the inferior olive, whether it is inhibitory (GABA) or excitatory (glutamate), suppresses rhythmicity. The inferior olive receives abundant GABAergic inputs from the cerebellar nuclei, and excitatory inputs from ...
Building silicon nervous systems with dendritic tree neuromorphs
... elaborately branched trees with numerous synaptic spines to cells with no dendrites at all. Dendritic morphologies appear to reflect the kinds of temporal processing that neurons carry out [Rose & Call, ...
... elaborately branched trees with numerous synaptic spines to cells with no dendrites at all. Dendritic morphologies appear to reflect the kinds of temporal processing that neurons carry out [Rose & Call, ...
Stem cell factor induces outgrowth of c-kit-positive
... stained with ACK2 mAb (Fig. 2B). In contrast, when DRGs were cultured in the absence of rmSCF, most outgrowing neurites remained within the area of fibroblast-like cells (Fig. 2C). None of outgrowing neurites were stained with ACK2 mAb (Fig. 2D). The magnitude of neurite outgrowth was dependent on t ...
... stained with ACK2 mAb (Fig. 2B). In contrast, when DRGs were cultured in the absence of rmSCF, most outgrowing neurites remained within the area of fibroblast-like cells (Fig. 2C). None of outgrowing neurites were stained with ACK2 mAb (Fig. 2D). The magnitude of neurite outgrowth was dependent on t ...
Full-Text PDF
... applications, even including the detection of neurotoxins. For example, Nicolas, et al. [8] used a culture of rat cortical neurons to implement a high-throughput test of various marine neurotoxins, and Valdivia et al. [9] showed that neuroactivity recorded in vitro using an array of electrodes could ...
... applications, even including the detection of neurotoxins. For example, Nicolas, et al. [8] used a culture of rat cortical neurons to implement a high-throughput test of various marine neurotoxins, and Valdivia et al. [9] showed that neuroactivity recorded in vitro using an array of electrodes could ...
View PDF - MRC BNDU - University of Oxford
... Neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) are highly heterogeneous in their discharge properties, their neurochemical markers, their pattern of connectivity and the behavioural processes in which they participate. Three main transmitter phenotypes have been described, cholinergic, GABAergic and ...
... Neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) are highly heterogeneous in their discharge properties, their neurochemical markers, their pattern of connectivity and the behavioural processes in which they participate. Three main transmitter phenotypes have been described, cholinergic, GABAergic and ...
Neuron Production, Neuron Number, and Structure Size Are
... same BrdU injection regimen as the chickadees used in this study were sectioned and processed along with six of the chickadee brains. All positive control sections examined demonstrated clear labeling of cells at frequencies similar to those reported in another juvenile bird (Ling, Zuo, AlvarezBuyll ...
... same BrdU injection regimen as the chickadees used in this study were sectioned and processed along with six of the chickadee brains. All positive control sections examined demonstrated clear labeling of cells at frequencies similar to those reported in another juvenile bird (Ling, Zuo, AlvarezBuyll ...
PDF
... superior cervical ganglion (SCG) provide somatosensory and sympathetic innervation, respectively, to a diversity of structures throughout the head. The timing of neurogenesis, naturally occurring neuronal death and target field innervation and the timing of NGF dependency have been described in deta ...
... superior cervical ganglion (SCG) provide somatosensory and sympathetic innervation, respectively, to a diversity of structures throughout the head. The timing of neurogenesis, naturally occurring neuronal death and target field innervation and the timing of NGF dependency have been described in deta ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.