![Leading tonically active neurons of the striatum from reward](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/005241579_1-803426f0b12f698c02af417262b780bc-300x300.png)
Estimating Fast Neural Input Using Anatomical and
... a large number of indirectly connected neurons. (f,g) The suitability for finding short and/or long range connectivity. Somatic- and axonal photo tagging of short range connections within 200–500 micro-meter is limited by virus diffusion (∗ ). Anatomical reconstruction of long-range axons using elec ...
... a large number of indirectly connected neurons. (f,g) The suitability for finding short and/or long range connectivity. Somatic- and axonal photo tagging of short range connections within 200–500 micro-meter is limited by virus diffusion (∗ ). Anatomical reconstruction of long-range axons using elec ...
Computation by Ensemble Synchronization in Recurrent Networks
... coincident firing is enabled by activity dependent depression of inter-neuron connections. We analyze the network behavior by using a mean-field approximation, which allows predicting the network response to various inputs. We demonstrate that the network is very sensible to temporal aspects of the ...
... coincident firing is enabled by activity dependent depression of inter-neuron connections. We analyze the network behavior by using a mean-field approximation, which allows predicting the network response to various inputs. We demonstrate that the network is very sensible to temporal aspects of the ...
Temporal and spatial alterations in GPi neuronal encoding might
... major motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, due to an inability to select properly one motor program. However, this hypothesis does not take into account the time dimension underlying motor control (Roux et al., 2003) in spite of the possible contribution of dopamine in timing synaptic events throug ...
... major motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, due to an inability to select properly one motor program. However, this hypothesis does not take into account the time dimension underlying motor control (Roux et al., 2003) in spite of the possible contribution of dopamine in timing synaptic events throug ...
Zwicker Tone Illusion and Noise Reduction in the Auditory System
... deficiencies of the above habituation argument are overcome by a model that incorporates noise detection but drops habituation. Asymmetric inhibition is a key element dangling in the background. In addition, we assume a tonotopic array of noise-detection neurons: only with noisy input around their b ...
... deficiencies of the above habituation argument are overcome by a model that incorporates noise detection but drops habituation. Asymmetric inhibition is a key element dangling in the background. In addition, we assume a tonotopic array of noise-detection neurons: only with noisy input around their b ...
Synaptic Transmisson
... channels carrying chloride ions can be made to open. Thus leads to an influx of chloride ions, making the inside of the postsynaptic membrane even more negative than when it is at resting potential. ...
... channels carrying chloride ions can be made to open. Thus leads to an influx of chloride ions, making the inside of the postsynaptic membrane even more negative than when it is at resting potential. ...
Single-trial decoding of intended eye movement goals from lateral
... the log is base 2. Spike counts were quantized using a maximum of 8 quantiles (Musallam et al. 2004), but often fewer quantiles were needed to represent all unique spike count values, especially when analyzing neurons with low firing rates and short epochs. The quantile indexes were used as r in Eq. ...
... the log is base 2. Spike counts were quantized using a maximum of 8 quantiles (Musallam et al. 2004), but often fewer quantiles were needed to represent all unique spike count values, especially when analyzing neurons with low firing rates and short epochs. The quantile indexes were used as r in Eq. ...
Anatomy of Olivocochlear Neurons
... 2.3.2 Terminations of LOC Fibers Both groups of OC neurons have fibers that branch extensively in the cochlea (Fig. 2.3). The end result of the branching is that a relatively small number of OC neurons gives rise to numerous synapses in the cochlea. LOC fibers synapse mainly on dendrites of auditor ...
... 2.3.2 Terminations of LOC Fibers Both groups of OC neurons have fibers that branch extensively in the cochlea (Fig. 2.3). The end result of the branching is that a relatively small number of OC neurons gives rise to numerous synapses in the cochlea. LOC fibers synapse mainly on dendrites of auditor ...
PDF file
... layer corresponds to a different class. At each time instant t, the neuron in the output layer that has the highest output corresponds to the class that has been classified. The architecture of the multi-layer network is shown in Fig. 1. For biological plausibility, assume that the signals through t ...
... layer corresponds to a different class. At each time instant t, the neuron in the output layer that has the highest output corresponds to the class that has been classified. The architecture of the multi-layer network is shown in Fig. 1. For biological plausibility, assume that the signals through t ...
Short title: Thalamocortical computations during tactile sensation
... inhibition from FS neurons prevents activity in L4 excitatory neurons. Brief and strong touch- ...
... inhibition from FS neurons prevents activity in L4 excitatory neurons. Brief and strong touch- ...
CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE: NEUROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS S
... (1940), it has been well established that the central nervous system plays a pivotal role in food intake regulation. Indeed, any defect in the functioning of the neuronal networks involved in feeding results in severe morbidity, such as anorexia or obesity. Given the enormous increase in obesity all ...
... (1940), it has been well established that the central nervous system plays a pivotal role in food intake regulation. Indeed, any defect in the functioning of the neuronal networks involved in feeding results in severe morbidity, such as anorexia or obesity. Given the enormous increase in obesity all ...
A Model of a Segmental Oscillator in the Leech Heartbeat Neuronal
... of the burst phase, the membrane potential is relatively hyperpolarized, and the initial instantaneous spike frequency (defined as the inverse of the interval between the first two spikes) is low. As the slow-wave depolarizes, the spike frequency increases to a maximum at the most depolarized point ...
... of the burst phase, the membrane potential is relatively hyperpolarized, and the initial instantaneous spike frequency (defined as the inverse of the interval between the first two spikes) is low. As the slow-wave depolarizes, the spike frequency increases to a maximum at the most depolarized point ...
www.goertzel.org/dynapsyc/2007/mirrorself.pdf
... supporting the functions of empathy and self, it is interesting to investigate what these data and hypotheses suggest. In simplest terms, a mirror neuron is a neuron which fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another animal, especially one of the s ...
... supporting the functions of empathy and self, it is interesting to investigate what these data and hypotheses suggest. In simplest terms, a mirror neuron is a neuron which fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another animal, especially one of the s ...
Early Appearance of Inhibitory Input to the MNTB Supports Binaural
... immaturities that limit auditory processing in juvenile animals, they are able to lateralize sounds using binaural cues. This study explores a central mechanism that may compensate for these limitations during development. Interaural time and level difference processing by neurons in the superior ol ...
... immaturities that limit auditory processing in juvenile animals, they are able to lateralize sounds using binaural cues. This study explores a central mechanism that may compensate for these limitations during development. Interaural time and level difference processing by neurons in the superior ol ...
PARK9-Associated ATP13A2 Localizes to Intracellular
... fragmentation in neurons. Oppositely, overexpression of ATP13A2 delays cadmium-induced mitochondrial fragmentation in neurons consistent with a neuroprotective effect. Collectively, this study reveals a number of intriguing neuronal phenotypes due to the loss- or gain-of-function of ATP13A2 that sup ...
... fragmentation in neurons. Oppositely, overexpression of ATP13A2 delays cadmium-induced mitochondrial fragmentation in neurons consistent with a neuroprotective effect. Collectively, this study reveals a number of intriguing neuronal phenotypes due to the loss- or gain-of-function of ATP13A2 that sup ...
MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR IN LACTATING RATS STIMULATES c
... behaviour that included milk letdown. Both groups of dams had a similar number of 67,000 mol. wt glutamate decarboxylaseimmunoreactive cells in each site, although the number of 67,000 mol. wt glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive cells per microscopic ®eld was signi®cantly greater in the caudal ve ...
... behaviour that included milk letdown. Both groups of dams had a similar number of 67,000 mol. wt glutamate decarboxylaseimmunoreactive cells in each site, although the number of 67,000 mol. wt glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive cells per microscopic ®eld was signi®cantly greater in the caudal ve ...
Understanding mirror neurons - LIRA-Lab
... 3. A model of area F5 and the mirror system The results summarized in the previous sections tell us of the central role of F5 in the control and recognition of manipulative actions: the common interpretation proposed by (Luppino & Rizzolatti, 2000) and (Fagg & Arbib, 1998) considers F5 a part of a l ...
... 3. A model of area F5 and the mirror system The results summarized in the previous sections tell us of the central role of F5 in the control and recognition of manipulative actions: the common interpretation proposed by (Luppino & Rizzolatti, 2000) and (Fagg & Arbib, 1998) considers F5 a part of a l ...
Role of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus in rat whisker pad
... investigate in rats whether the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (TMnu), which provides proprioceptive feedback for chewing muscles, may be also involved in whisker pad proprioception. Methods: Two retrograde tracers, Dil and True Blue Chloride, were injected into the mystacial pad and the masseter ...
... investigate in rats whether the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (TMnu), which provides proprioceptive feedback for chewing muscles, may be also involved in whisker pad proprioception. Methods: Two retrograde tracers, Dil and True Blue Chloride, were injected into the mystacial pad and the masseter ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... The physiological importance of the orexin system in sleep is clearly demonstrated in genetically modulated mice. Prepro-orexin knockout mice2), OX2R knockout mice3), and orexin neuron-ablated transgenic mice (orexin/ataxin-3 mice)1) show severe sleep fragmentation similar to narcolepsy. Additionall ...
... The physiological importance of the orexin system in sleep is clearly demonstrated in genetically modulated mice. Prepro-orexin knockout mice2), OX2R knockout mice3), and orexin neuron-ablated transgenic mice (orexin/ataxin-3 mice)1) show severe sleep fragmentation similar to narcolepsy. Additionall ...
Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3
... the recording electrode (Zhou and Hablitz 1996). After electrophysiological recordings, brain slices were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) at 4°C overnight. Without resectioning, slices were then processed for visualization of neurobiotin-filled neurons. Endogenous peroxid ...
... the recording electrode (Zhou and Hablitz 1996). After electrophysiological recordings, brain slices were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) at 4°C overnight. Without resectioning, slices were then processed for visualization of neurobiotin-filled neurons. Endogenous peroxid ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.