![Decoding Motor Commands in Cortico-Basal Ganglia Circuits for the](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/007937611_1-85a3c17858421b513fb4bfcb34ae0bfb-300x300.png)
Decoding Motor Commands in Cortico-Basal Ganglia Circuits for the
... exitatory input on the neuron’s membrane potential can be seen. If the threshold for firing an action potential is exceeded and the membrane potential sharply rises to +20 mV. After an action potential is initiated, there is not a high probability that a second action potential is initiated during a ...
... exitatory input on the neuron’s membrane potential can be seen. If the threshold for firing an action potential is exceeded and the membrane potential sharply rises to +20 mV. After an action potential is initiated, there is not a high probability that a second action potential is initiated during a ...
Formation of Neuronal Pathways in the lmaginal Discs of Drosophila
... During the next few hours APF, the disc elongates rapidly. Simultaneous with the elongation, several groups of neurons differentiate and pioneer a secondary branching pattern. Figure 2C shows the pathways in leg discs at 4 hr APF. By this time, the leg disc has already assumed a tubular shape and in ...
... During the next few hours APF, the disc elongates rapidly. Simultaneous with the elongation, several groups of neurons differentiate and pioneer a secondary branching pattern. Figure 2C shows the pathways in leg discs at 4 hr APF. By this time, the leg disc has already assumed a tubular shape and in ...
Sodium channel NaV1.9 mutations associated with insensitivity to
... Averaged whole-cell sodium currents recorded from ND7/23 cells stably the effect of NaV1.9 mutations on DRG neuron excitability, we perexpressing WT (A, n = 17) or L1302F (B, n = 13)) NaV1.9 channels. The formed current-clamp recordings in small (<30 μm) rat DRG neuholding potential was –120 mV. The ...
... Averaged whole-cell sodium currents recorded from ND7/23 cells stably the effect of NaV1.9 mutations on DRG neuron excitability, we perexpressing WT (A, n = 17) or L1302F (B, n = 13)) NaV1.9 channels. The formed current-clamp recordings in small (<30 μm) rat DRG neuholding potential was –120 mV. The ...
Visual Motion-Detection Circuits in Flies: Small
... comparison of the depth of any arborizations of a neuron to any other. Interspecific comparisons can be standardized among species by using this principle. For example, in all species, the terminals of the L1 large lamina monopolar cell occur at the same depth as the outer dendritic processes of the ...
... comparison of the depth of any arborizations of a neuron to any other. Interspecific comparisons can be standardized among species by using this principle. For example, in all species, the terminals of the L1 large lamina monopolar cell occur at the same depth as the outer dendritic processes of the ...
RESPIRATORY DRUGS 1. ANTITUSSIVES
... brainstem which causes contraction of the muscles needed to cough. The type of cough produced depends on the location of the stimulated receptors and whether or not mucus is brought up with the cough (productive or non productive). -Antitussives given to animals are centrally acting. They suppress t ...
... brainstem which causes contraction of the muscles needed to cough. The type of cough produced depends on the location of the stimulated receptors and whether or not mucus is brought up with the cough (productive or non productive). -Antitussives given to animals are centrally acting. They suppress t ...
Distinct Isoforms of the RFX Transcription Factor DAF
... sequence motif, the binding site for DAF-19. Their expression in ciliated sensory neurons was dependent on both daf-19 and the promoter x-box, and many of them are required for cilia structure and function (Blacque et al., 2005; Efimenko et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2006). In the present study, we sho ...
... sequence motif, the binding site for DAF-19. Their expression in ciliated sensory neurons was dependent on both daf-19 and the promoter x-box, and many of them are required for cilia structure and function (Blacque et al., 2005; Efimenko et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2006). In the present study, we sho ...
Modelling fast stimulus-response association learning along the
... weak connections with several neurons that can drive different responses, the activation of a specific response neuron at the same time as the presentation of the stimulus will lead to the strengthening of the connection linking the stimulus-specific neuron with the response-specific neuron. A conne ...
... weak connections with several neurons that can drive different responses, the activation of a specific response neuron at the same time as the presentation of the stimulus will lead to the strengthening of the connection linking the stimulus-specific neuron with the response-specific neuron. A conne ...
Basal Ganglia: Internal Organization
... is derived from more restricted regions of the cortex (see below). The corticostriatal and thalamostriatal projections are highly topographically organized and impart functionality onto the striatum and, consequently, other divisions of the basal ganglia. The main synaptic targets of the cortical an ...
... is derived from more restricted regions of the cortex (see below). The corticostriatal and thalamostriatal projections are highly topographically organized and impart functionality onto the striatum and, consequently, other divisions of the basal ganglia. The main synaptic targets of the cortical an ...
Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea1
... program (Fig. 2), while hyperpolarizing a single DRI prevents the nerve shock-elicited motor program. These findings satisfy the most stringent criteria for inclusion of DRI as a command neuron (see Discussion). In our prior work we only tested the ability of DRI hyperpolarization to block motor pro ...
... program (Fig. 2), while hyperpolarizing a single DRI prevents the nerve shock-elicited motor program. These findings satisfy the most stringent criteria for inclusion of DRI as a command neuron (see Discussion). In our prior work we only tested the ability of DRI hyperpolarization to block motor pro ...
Extra-Classical Tuning Predicts Stimulus
... In Eq. 2, tspk denotes the spike times and the integral is taken over all experiment times. We optimized the GLM parameters (k, b, and h) to maximize the log-likelihood. The STRFs had 3 ms time resolution and 387.5 Hz frequency resolution. The analyses presented here focus on the STRF parameters, be ...
... In Eq. 2, tspk denotes the spike times and the integral is taken over all experiment times. We optimized the GLM parameters (k, b, and h) to maximize the log-likelihood. The STRFs had 3 ms time resolution and 387.5 Hz frequency resolution. The analyses presented here focus on the STRF parameters, be ...
Two-photon imaging and analysis of neural network dynamics
... or the patch-clamp technique (Chorev et al 2009). With intracellular recording the subthreshold membrane potential dynamics can be resolved, in particular synaptically induced potentials. However, this technique is limited to single neurons (or pairs of neurons at most; see Okun and Lampl (2008), Po ...
... or the patch-clamp technique (Chorev et al 2009). With intracellular recording the subthreshold membrane potential dynamics can be resolved, in particular synaptically induced potentials. However, this technique is limited to single neurons (or pairs of neurons at most; see Okun and Lampl (2008), Po ...
Mircea Steriade
... research scientist working toward a D.Sc. (Ph.D.) at the Institute of Neurology of the Romanian Academy of Sciences. It is vivid in my memory how puzzled I was when, a few days after entering that institute, I was asked to deliver a talk on iron metabolism. I had been ignorant of the fact that heavy ...
... research scientist working toward a D.Sc. (Ph.D.) at the Institute of Neurology of the Romanian Academy of Sciences. It is vivid in my memory how puzzled I was when, a few days after entering that institute, I was asked to deliver a talk on iron metabolism. I had been ignorant of the fact that heavy ...
Enhanced Modulation of Neuronal Activity during
... running on Pentium PCs. All events were updated every 5 ms, and visual stimuli were presented on a 24-inch cathode-ray tube monitor (GDMFW900; Sony, Tokyo, Japan; refresh rate: 60 Hz) that was located 38 cm away from the eyes and subtended 64 3 44 of visual angle. A 0.5 square spot served as a vi ...
... running on Pentium PCs. All events were updated every 5 ms, and visual stimuli were presented on a 24-inch cathode-ray tube monitor (GDMFW900; Sony, Tokyo, Japan; refresh rate: 60 Hz) that was located 38 cm away from the eyes and subtended 64 3 44 of visual angle. A 0.5 square spot served as a vi ...
The mirror mechanism: recent findings and perspectives
... ventral premotor area F5 [1–3], and subsequently in the monkey inferior parietal area PFG [4,5]. Their discovery was preceded by a prolonged anatomical and functional investigation of the premotor areas that enabled our group to highlight a series of unexpected functions of these areas [6,7]. Among ...
... ventral premotor area F5 [1–3], and subsequently in the monkey inferior parietal area PFG [4,5]. Their discovery was preceded by a prolonged anatomical and functional investigation of the premotor areas that enabled our group to highlight a series of unexpected functions of these areas [6,7]. Among ...
Vesicular glutamate transporter 3
... The dorsal and median raphe nuclei (DR and MnR) are two of the major serotonin sources and innervate a multitude of targets throughout the central nervous system (CNS) via their ascending and descending pathways (Steinbusch, 1981, 1984). The serotonin system is involved in the control of various beh ...
... The dorsal and median raphe nuclei (DR and MnR) are two of the major serotonin sources and innervate a multitude of targets throughout the central nervous system (CNS) via their ascending and descending pathways (Steinbusch, 1981, 1984). The serotonin system is involved in the control of various beh ...
Surround suppression explained by long-range
... How does this reduction in response correlation come about, given the prevalence of strong spatial and temporal correlations present in natural visual scenes7, 8 , and given that neurons in a column share common preferences for visual features? Several neural models have been proposed to reduce corr ...
... How does this reduction in response correlation come about, given the prevalence of strong spatial and temporal correlations present in natural visual scenes7, 8 , and given that neurons in a column share common preferences for visual features? Several neural models have been proposed to reduce corr ...
Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Rat Parabrachial Region: Ultrastructural
... Axons and axon terminals with TH-I comprised the remaining 83% (524 out of 625) of all labeled profiles in the dorsal, ventral, central, and external nuclei of the PBR. The axons were primarily small (0.1-0.2 pm in diameter) and unmyelinated (Fig. 4A). However, occasionally a slightly larger (0.3-0. ...
... Axons and axon terminals with TH-I comprised the remaining 83% (524 out of 625) of all labeled profiles in the dorsal, ventral, central, and external nuclei of the PBR. The axons were primarily small (0.1-0.2 pm in diameter) and unmyelinated (Fig. 4A). However, occasionally a slightly larger (0.3-0. ...
Post-pubertal Emergence of Prefrontal Cortical Up
... example, in rats > 40 days old. Because puberty in rats occurs between postnatal day (PD) 40 and PD 45 and cortical circuits may mature at that age (Spear, 2000; Zhu, 2000), it is important to determine DA--glutamate interactions in adult animals. This becomes essential when studying persistent acti ...
... example, in rats > 40 days old. Because puberty in rats occurs between postnatal day (PD) 40 and PD 45 and cortical circuits may mature at that age (Spear, 2000; Zhu, 2000), it is important to determine DA--glutamate interactions in adult animals. This becomes essential when studying persistent acti ...
(addl. 3)
... individual synapse. The nonlinear sum of the excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) might be offset by hyperpolarizing inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs) that essentially subtract potential, or might be entirely negated by shunting inhibitory synapses that return the cell membrane to r ...
... individual synapse. The nonlinear sum of the excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) might be offset by hyperpolarizing inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs) that essentially subtract potential, or might be entirely negated by shunting inhibitory synapses that return the cell membrane to r ...
Challenges for Brain Emulation
... individual synapse. The nonlinear sum of the excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) might be offset by hyperpolarizing inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs) that essentially subtract potential, or might be entirely negated by shunting inhibitory synapses that return the cell membrane to r ...
... individual synapse. The nonlinear sum of the excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) might be offset by hyperpolarizing inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs) that essentially subtract potential, or might be entirely negated by shunting inhibitory synapses that return the cell membrane to r ...
HYPOTHALAMUS and EPITHALAMUS
... outline the principal nuclei of the hypothalamus, their main connections and functions explain how hypothalamic neurons influence feed-forward control on the activity of the anterior pituitary gland explain how the hypothalamus and epithalamus control the diurnal rhythm of body activity explain how ...
... outline the principal nuclei of the hypothalamus, their main connections and functions explain how hypothalamic neurons influence feed-forward control on the activity of the anterior pituitary gland explain how the hypothalamus and epithalamus control the diurnal rhythm of body activity explain how ...
Synaptic and peptidergic connectome of a neurosecretory
... Nervous system signalling occurs either at synapses or via secreted diffusible chemicals that signal to target cells expressing specific receptors. Synapse-level connectomics using electron microscopy allows mapping synaptic networks, but fails to reveal non-synaptic signalling. In addition to actin ...
... Nervous system signalling occurs either at synapses or via secreted diffusible chemicals that signal to target cells expressing specific receptors. Synapse-level connectomics using electron microscopy allows mapping synaptic networks, but fails to reveal non-synaptic signalling. In addition to actin ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.