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resting membrane potential
... Figure 7.2 Structure of a typical neurons. Two neurons are shown; the upper neuron communicates with the lower neuron, as indicated by the arrows representing information flow. The main parts of a neuron include the cell body (soma); dendrites, which receive communication from other neurons; and an ...
... Figure 7.2 Structure of a typical neurons. Two neurons are shown; the upper neuron communicates with the lower neuron, as indicated by the arrows representing information flow. The main parts of a neuron include the cell body (soma); dendrites, which receive communication from other neurons; and an ...
Corticofugal Modulation of Initial Sound
... responses after cortical stimulation. Because this protocol was identical to what was used in our previous studies (Yan and Ehret, 2002; Yan et al., 2005), data were comparable with our previous findings. This protocol sampled the frequency tunings of CN neurons with a series of tone bursts separate ...
... responses after cortical stimulation. Because this protocol was identical to what was used in our previous studies (Yan and Ehret, 2002; Yan et al., 2005), data were comparable with our previous findings. This protocol sampled the frequency tunings of CN neurons with a series of tone bursts separate ...
Morphological and Quantitative Study of Neurons in the Gracile
... size and shape; 2) density of dendritic tree and 3) presence or absence of different types of spines and/or appendages on dendrites and/or cell bodies. Type I Neurons: These multipolar or elongated neurons (Figure 2) represented the largest impregnated neuronal type in the Gr. They had very large so ...
... size and shape; 2) density of dendritic tree and 3) presence or absence of different types of spines and/or appendages on dendrites and/or cell bodies. Type I Neurons: These multipolar or elongated neurons (Figure 2) represented the largest impregnated neuronal type in the Gr. They had very large so ...
hanPNAS11
... In the postnatal day (P) 0 Tbr1−/− neocortex, the number of neurons highly expressing Fezf2-Gfp, which did not migrate normally (18), increased significantly from 21.8% in Tbr1+/+ to 33.3% in Tbr1−/− (P = 0.0058) (Fig. 2C). This significant increase in the total number of Fezf2-Gfp–expressing neurons ...
... In the postnatal day (P) 0 Tbr1−/− neocortex, the number of neurons highly expressing Fezf2-Gfp, which did not migrate normally (18), increased significantly from 21.8% in Tbr1+/+ to 33.3% in Tbr1−/− (P = 0.0058) (Fig. 2C). This significant increase in the total number of Fezf2-Gfp–expressing neurons ...
OLED_Optogenetics_abstract_v3_wo_links
... and the plugin MtrackJ. From those positions, we calculated the distance between head and tail, which indicates whether the larva is relaxed or contracted. OLED illumination timing was tracked from the videos as well. As an example, Figure 3b shows head-tail distance traces for two OLED power densit ...
... and the plugin MtrackJ. From those positions, we calculated the distance between head and tail, which indicates whether the larva is relaxed or contracted. OLED illumination timing was tracked from the videos as well. As an example, Figure 3b shows head-tail distance traces for two OLED power densit ...
Nerve Cell Communication - URMC
... conducting branch called an axon. The axon conducts electrical signals called impulses over long distances. The axon is covered by a myelin sheath which acts as an insulated covering and speeds up impulse conduction. The axon ends in short sending branches called terminal branches that send me ...
... conducting branch called an axon. The axon conducts electrical signals called impulses over long distances. The axon is covered by a myelin sheath which acts as an insulated covering and speeds up impulse conduction. The axon ends in short sending branches called terminal branches that send me ...
Phase synchronization of bursting neurons in clustered small
... multiple spikes followed by a rest state hyperpolarization. These bursting neurons are important in different aspects of brain function such as movement control and cognition ...
... multiple spikes followed by a rest state hyperpolarization. These bursting neurons are important in different aspects of brain function such as movement control and cognition ...
A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in
... neighboring synapses within the period of latent addition, which lasts less than one q u a r t e r of a millisecond. Observed temporal summation of impulses at g r e a t e r intervals is impossible for single neurons and empirically depends upon structural properties of the net. Between the arrival ...
... neighboring synapses within the period of latent addition, which lasts less than one q u a r t e r of a millisecond. Observed temporal summation of impulses at g r e a t e r intervals is impossible for single neurons and empirically depends upon structural properties of the net. Between the arrival ...
Burns Pulm Lect 1 Physiol 2017
... ensure Po2 and Pco2 are appropriately maintained over conditions ranging from rest to vigorous excerise • Involuntary (usually) • Basic rhythm is set and controlled by respiratory centers in brain stem (medula and pons) which control the muscles involved in respiration ...
... ensure Po2 and Pco2 are appropriately maintained over conditions ranging from rest to vigorous excerise • Involuntary (usually) • Basic rhythm is set and controlled by respiratory centers in brain stem (medula and pons) which control the muscles involved in respiration ...
The Influence of the Respiratory Cycle on the EEG
... inhibitory effect of exspirium is probably mediated by an α2-adrenergic pathway from C1 neurons, which are excited during exspirium and the excitation of locus coeruleus in the course of inspirium originates from glutamate-mediated input from the nucleus paragigantocellularis within the medulla (Oya ...
... inhibitory effect of exspirium is probably mediated by an α2-adrenergic pathway from C1 neurons, which are excited during exspirium and the excitation of locus coeruleus in the course of inspirium originates from glutamate-mediated input from the nucleus paragigantocellularis within the medulla (Oya ...
The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its
... communicative mouth actions this is of importance with regards to the hypothesis that the MNS is vital for the understanding of emotional states in others (which are mostly communicated by facial expression) ...
... communicative mouth actions this is of importance with regards to the hypothesis that the MNS is vital for the understanding of emotional states in others (which are mostly communicated by facial expression) ...
the effects of microstimulation and microlesions in the ventral and
... The responses in respiratory outflow resulting from microstimulation and successive microlesions of the dorsal (DRG) and ventral (VRG) respiratory groups of neurons in the brainstem were studied in anesthetized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated cats. Microstimulation (2 to 120 Hz; 5 to 50 PA; 100 ...
... The responses in respiratory outflow resulting from microstimulation and successive microlesions of the dorsal (DRG) and ventral (VRG) respiratory groups of neurons in the brainstem were studied in anesthetized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated cats. Microstimulation (2 to 120 Hz; 5 to 50 PA; 100 ...
Neuronal control of swimming in jellyfish: a
... Each rhopalial pacemaker is capable of initiating a contraction of the subumbrellar swim musculature. The current view on pacemaker interaction is that activity from an active pacemaker “resets” all others, so the pacemaker with the fastest rhythm controls the swim system (Pantin and Vianna Dias 195 ...
... Each rhopalial pacemaker is capable of initiating a contraction of the subumbrellar swim musculature. The current view on pacemaker interaction is that activity from an active pacemaker “resets” all others, so the pacemaker with the fastest rhythm controls the swim system (Pantin and Vianna Dias 195 ...
Understanding Circuit Dynamics Using the Stomatogastric Nervous
... have characterized the substances found in the pericardial organs and other neurosecretory structures (32, 33). Thirty years ago, these studies employed biochemical and histochemical methods (34, 35). Subsequently, enormous progress was made with immunocytochemical methods (36–38). Most recently, th ...
... have characterized the substances found in the pericardial organs and other neurosecretory structures (32, 33). Thirty years ago, these studies employed biochemical and histochemical methods (34, 35). Subsequently, enormous progress was made with immunocytochemical methods (36–38). Most recently, th ...
12-4 Membrane Potential
... 3. The graded change in membrane potential may involve either depolarization or hyperpolarization The properties and distribution of the membrane channels involved determine the nature of the change o For example, in a resting membrane, the opening of sodium channels causes depolarization, whereas ...
... 3. The graded change in membrane potential may involve either depolarization or hyperpolarization The properties and distribution of the membrane channels involved determine the nature of the change o For example, in a resting membrane, the opening of sodium channels causes depolarization, whereas ...
Choline Esters
... Release of transmitter occurs when voltagesensitive calcium channels in the terminal membrane are opened, allowing an influx of calcium. The resulting increase in intracellular calcium causes fusion of vesicles with the surface membrane and exocytotic expulsion of acetylcholine and cotransmitters in ...
... Release of transmitter occurs when voltagesensitive calcium channels in the terminal membrane are opened, allowing an influx of calcium. The resulting increase in intracellular calcium causes fusion of vesicles with the surface membrane and exocytotic expulsion of acetylcholine and cotransmitters in ...
Interfacing Real-Time Spiking I/O with the SpiNNaker neuromimetic
... attempts being made to simulate networks in real-time and with increasing biological realism. ANNs have been widely used to interface with sensors, revealing features and details which are then used for specific purposes e.g. [3] [10]. However these designs typically use spiking ANNs as central proc ...
... attempts being made to simulate networks in real-time and with increasing biological realism. ANNs have been widely used to interface with sensors, revealing features and details which are then used for specific purposes e.g. [3] [10]. However these designs typically use spiking ANNs as central proc ...
The importance of mixed selectivity in complex
... 1) Take a spike count from each Recall Task subcondition at time t 2) Superimpose that with a random sub-condition Recognition Task at time t. 3) Repeat Vice Versa This removes task-selectivity, but the PCH shows that the neuron maintains some information about specific combinations. ...
... 1) Take a spike count from each Recall Task subcondition at time t 2) Superimpose that with a random sub-condition Recognition Task at time t. 3) Repeat Vice Versa This removes task-selectivity, but the PCH shows that the neuron maintains some information about specific combinations. ...
In vivo two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal networks
... fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 1 A; ref. 30). Because craniotomies are often accompanied by marked breath- and heartbeatrelated movement artifacts (2, 31), we tried to image cells through the intact skull. We found that if the skull was thinned down to a thickness of 8–10 m, individual cells could b ...
... fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 1 A; ref. 30). Because craniotomies are often accompanied by marked breath- and heartbeatrelated movement artifacts (2, 31), we tried to image cells through the intact skull. We found that if the skull was thinned down to a thickness of 8–10 m, individual cells could b ...
Fast Propagation of Firing Rates through Layered Networks of Noisy
... The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1, 2002, 22(5):1956–1966 ...
... The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1, 2002, 22(5):1956–1966 ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.