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Signal Integration in Thalamus: Labeled Lines Go
... the spatial extent over which it extracts visual information from the visual scene, whereas its stratification or ‘‘laminar’’ depth in the retina determines which presynaptic inputs are available to it and thus the quality of visual information it carries. As an entire group, the 30 RGC types proje ...
... the spatial extent over which it extracts visual information from the visual scene, whereas its stratification or ‘‘laminar’’ depth in the retina determines which presynaptic inputs are available to it and thus the quality of visual information it carries. As an entire group, the 30 RGC types proje ...
Expectation of reward modulates cognitive signals in the basal ganglia
... based on the ‘attend-versus-ignore’ comparison, whereas our study was based on the ‘rewarded-versus-nonrewarded’ comparison. In the former comparison, cognitive processing was allocated to the to-be-attended location or object, and reward was given consistently. Here the required cognitive processin ...
... based on the ‘attend-versus-ignore’ comparison, whereas our study was based on the ‘rewarded-versus-nonrewarded’ comparison. In the former comparison, cognitive processing was allocated to the to-be-attended location or object, and reward was given consistently. Here the required cognitive processin ...
Extended PDF
... neurogenic phase, RGPs are believed to divide asymmetrically to produce neurons either directly or indirectly through transient amplifying progenitors, such as intermediate progenitors (IPs) (Florio and Huttner, 2014). Consecutive waves of neurogenesis lead to the formation of cortical layers in an ...
... neurogenic phase, RGPs are believed to divide asymmetrically to produce neurons either directly or indirectly through transient amplifying progenitors, such as intermediate progenitors (IPs) (Florio and Huttner, 2014). Consecutive waves of neurogenesis lead to the formation of cortical layers in an ...
TESIS DOCTORAL Dynamics and Synchronization in Neuronal Models
... by a model. A good model should contain enough details in order to describe the principal biophysical aspects but must remain simple enough to provide a clear interpretation of the results. This thesis is mainly devoted to the modeling and simulations on neuronal systems with emphasis in different a ...
... by a model. A good model should contain enough details in order to describe the principal biophysical aspects but must remain simple enough to provide a clear interpretation of the results. This thesis is mainly devoted to the modeling and simulations on neuronal systems with emphasis in different a ...
An Integrate-and-fire Model of Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Activity during Performance of Goal-directed
... Again, the synaptic strengths of such connections are modifiable and make up elements in a matrix Wc. Unlike the effect of synaptic weights in Wg, postsynaptic depolarization due to input through a connection with the maximum strength in Wc is subthreshold, so that spiking in ci remains dependent on ...
... Again, the synaptic strengths of such connections are modifiable and make up elements in a matrix Wc. Unlike the effect of synaptic weights in Wg, postsynaptic depolarization due to input through a connection with the maximum strength in Wc is subthreshold, so that spiking in ci remains dependent on ...
Glutamate Inhibits GABA Excitatory Activity in
... 1994, 1995). To test the hypothesis that the glutamate-mediated reduction in GABA-evoked C a 21 rise was in part caused by activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), we used two group I / II nonselective mGluR agonists, trans-(6)-1amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylate (t-AC PD; Research ...
... 1994, 1995). To test the hypothesis that the glutamate-mediated reduction in GABA-evoked C a 21 rise was in part caused by activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), we used two group I / II nonselective mGluR agonists, trans-(6)-1amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylate (t-AC PD; Research ...
Discharge Rate of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons Is
... behavior and attention deficits (Jankovic 2001). Although each of these syndromes is unique and may have a distinct pathophysiology (Mink 2003), evidence from various studies suggests that a common characteristic of the different types of dyskinesia is inappropriate dopaminergic activity. Drugs that ...
... behavior and attention deficits (Jankovic 2001). Although each of these syndromes is unique and may have a distinct pathophysiology (Mink 2003), evidence from various studies suggests that a common characteristic of the different types of dyskinesia is inappropriate dopaminergic activity. Drugs that ...
Peripheral and Central Mechanisms of Pain Generation
... molecular events that lead to activation and sensitization of nociceptors. Nociceptors express ion channels for stimulus transduction and action potential generation, and a large number of receptors for inflammatory and other mediators (Fig. 1). These receptors are either coupled to ion channels or, ...
... molecular events that lead to activation and sensitization of nociceptors. Nociceptors express ion channels for stimulus transduction and action potential generation, and a large number of receptors for inflammatory and other mediators (Fig. 1). These receptors are either coupled to ion channels or, ...
Conversion of Mouse and Human Fibroblasts into Functional Spinal
... was 49.5 mV (SEM = 5.6, n = 6), which was similar to that for control ESCderived motor neurons ( 50.5 mV, SEM = 3.5, n = 13). Depolarizing voltage steps in voltage-clamp mode elicited fast inward currents followed by slow outward currents, consistent with the opening of voltage-activated sodium and ...
... was 49.5 mV (SEM = 5.6, n = 6), which was similar to that for control ESCderived motor neurons ( 50.5 mV, SEM = 3.5, n = 13). Depolarizing voltage steps in voltage-clamp mode elicited fast inward currents followed by slow outward currents, consistent with the opening of voltage-activated sodium and ...
Regulation of synaptic functions in central nervous system by
... (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesolimbic VTA (ventral tegmental area) DA (dopaminergic) neurons (Figure 2A) [39]. Recently, a subgroup of neurons in LHA was identified to expresses LepRb, but not orexin/ ...
... (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesolimbic VTA (ventral tegmental area) DA (dopaminergic) neurons (Figure 2A) [39]. Recently, a subgroup of neurons in LHA was identified to expresses LepRb, but not orexin/ ...
Expression of NADPH-d in the vagal nuclei of the
... the control of esophageal peristalsis (30–32). Murray et al. (33) suggested that NO has an inhibitory effect on the esophageal muscle contraction. It was reported that NOS expression increases in the nuclei of DMV and NTS due to acid exposure in the esophagus (5). In the present study, we also found ...
... the control of esophageal peristalsis (30–32). Murray et al. (33) suggested that NO has an inhibitory effect on the esophageal muscle contraction. It was reported that NOS expression increases in the nuclei of DMV and NTS due to acid exposure in the esophagus (5). In the present study, we also found ...
Understanding mirror neurons: a bio-robotic
... Mirror neurons are F5 visuomotor neurons that activate when the monkey both acts on an object and when it observes another monkey or the experimenter making a similar goaldirected action (Di Pellegrino et al., 1992; Gallese et al., 1996). Recently, mirror neurons have been found also in area PF of t ...
... Mirror neurons are F5 visuomotor neurons that activate when the monkey both acts on an object and when it observes another monkey or the experimenter making a similar goaldirected action (Di Pellegrino et al., 1992; Gallese et al., 1996). Recently, mirror neurons have been found also in area PF of t ...
angol tézisfüzet0531
... subdivision. Conversely, 86.5 ± 5.6% of PNMT-IR boutons and 47.8 ± 12.0% of DBHIR, PNMT-immunonegative boutons on the surface of CRH neurons contained NPY. With respect to the catecholaminergic boutons on the surface of CRH neurons, 48.5 ± 6.2% contained DBH but not PNMT, suggesting that these varic ...
... subdivision. Conversely, 86.5 ± 5.6% of PNMT-IR boutons and 47.8 ± 12.0% of DBHIR, PNMT-immunonegative boutons on the surface of CRH neurons contained NPY. With respect to the catecholaminergic boutons on the surface of CRH neurons, 48.5 ± 6.2% contained DBH but not PNMT, suggesting that these varic ...
PDF file
... sensors and its effectors without using the handcrafted (or genespecified) content or the handcrafted boundaries for concepts about the extra-body environments. Almassy, Edelman, and Sporns (1998), further refined in Sporns et al. (1999), proposed a neuromorphic architecture for learning primary and ...
... sensors and its effectors without using the handcrafted (or genespecified) content or the handcrafted boundaries for concepts about the extra-body environments. Almassy, Edelman, and Sporns (1998), further refined in Sporns et al. (1999), proposed a neuromorphic architecture for learning primary and ...
Uncaging Compunds: - Florida State University
... Advantages of Optical Methods • Classical ways of studying brain slices is with an electrical stimulating electrode. – Electrical stimulus evokes synchronous action potentials in the presynaptic axon, and one then records postsynaptic currents. Limitations: – These events combine both presynaptic a ...
... Advantages of Optical Methods • Classical ways of studying brain slices is with an electrical stimulating electrode. – Electrical stimulus evokes synchronous action potentials in the presynaptic axon, and one then records postsynaptic currents. Limitations: – These events combine both presynaptic a ...
Overview Synaptic plasticity Synaptic strength
... • Probability of neurotransmitter release p Postsynaptically: • Maximal conductance g associated with one synaptic vesicle ...
... • Probability of neurotransmitter release p Postsynaptically: • Maximal conductance g associated with one synaptic vesicle ...
Saladin 5e Extended Outline
... metabolism. (p. 864) B. The respiratory system is an organ system that rhythmically takes in air and expels it from the body, supplying the body with oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide; however, it has many other functions. (p. 864) 1. It provides for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between bloo ...
... metabolism. (p. 864) B. The respiratory system is an organ system that rhythmically takes in air and expels it from the body, supplying the body with oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide; however, it has many other functions. (p. 864) 1. It provides for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between bloo ...
ABSTRACT BOOK CHAMPALIMAUD NEUROSCIENCE
... they are constructed by ventral stream cortical algorithms? Here, I will highlight recent progress on both questions. First, I will outline how systems neuroscience combined with human psychophysics reveals that some IT population codes are nearly sufficient to explain human performance on invariant ...
... they are constructed by ventral stream cortical algorithms? Here, I will highlight recent progress on both questions. First, I will outline how systems neuroscience combined with human psychophysics reveals that some IT population codes are nearly sufficient to explain human performance on invariant ...
Ionic Mechanism of the Slow Afterdepolarization Induced by
... IsADP is carried by sodium ions flowing into the cell. However, the dependence of IsADP on extracellular sodium was less pronounced than expected for a pure sodium current. We interpret these results to indicate that the sADP is most likely mediated by nonselective cation channels. Examination of th ...
... IsADP is carried by sodium ions flowing into the cell. However, the dependence of IsADP on extracellular sodium was less pronounced than expected for a pure sodium current. We interpret these results to indicate that the sADP is most likely mediated by nonselective cation channels. Examination of th ...
Hypothalamic pathways linking energy balance and reproduction
... observation that insulin levels circulate in proportion to adipose tissue in most mammals (97). They demonstrated that intracerebroventricular insulin administration results in a dosedependent reduction in food intake and body weight. Following the advent of gene targeting techniques, neuron-specifi ...
... observation that insulin levels circulate in proportion to adipose tissue in most mammals (97). They demonstrated that intracerebroventricular insulin administration results in a dosedependent reduction in food intake and body weight. Following the advent of gene targeting techniques, neuron-specifi ...
Passive Properties of Swimmeret Motor Neurons
... Sherff, Carolyn M. and Brian Mulloney. Passive properties of swimmeret motor neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 92–102, 1997. Four different functional types of motor neurons innervate each swimmeret: return-stroke excitors (RSEs), power-stroke excitors (PSEs), return-stroke inhibitors (RSIs), and power- ...
... Sherff, Carolyn M. and Brian Mulloney. Passive properties of swimmeret motor neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 92–102, 1997. Four different functional types of motor neurons innervate each swimmeret: return-stroke excitors (RSEs), power-stroke excitors (PSEs), return-stroke inhibitors (RSIs), and power- ...
Hierarchy of the heart rhythmogenesis levels is a
... mechanism of rhythmogenesis, while providing sufficient reliability of the cardiac rhythm generation, cannot provide the whole spectrum of cardiac adaptive reactions in the whole organism. Recently obtained data allows reevaluating critically the current understandings about the mechanisms of heart ...
... mechanism of rhythmogenesis, while providing sufficient reliability of the cardiac rhythm generation, cannot provide the whole spectrum of cardiac adaptive reactions in the whole organism. Recently obtained data allows reevaluating critically the current understandings about the mechanisms of heart ...
Distribution and characterisation of Glucagon-like peptide
... identify GLP-1R expressing cells. Patch-clamp recordings were performed on tdRFP-positive neurons in acute coronal brain slices from adult mice and selective targeting of GLP-1R cells in vivo was achieved using viral gene delivery. Results: Large numbers of eYFP or tdRFP immunoreactive cells were fo ...
... identify GLP-1R expressing cells. Patch-clamp recordings were performed on tdRFP-positive neurons in acute coronal brain slices from adult mice and selective targeting of GLP-1R cells in vivo was achieved using viral gene delivery. Results: Large numbers of eYFP or tdRFP immunoreactive cells were fo ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.