![trans - RUF International](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/019758345_1-3ea369e7b8106b2ccdfcab806f2c193e-300x300.png)
trans - RUF International
... A more simple primary generator loop may actually be a better starting point for the development of complex consciousness. An analogy could be made to the transition from spoken language to written language. Spoken language consists of a lot of complex words but written language is made up from comb ...
... A more simple primary generator loop may actually be a better starting point for the development of complex consciousness. An analogy could be made to the transition from spoken language to written language. Spoken language consists of a lot of complex words but written language is made up from comb ...
Induction of NADPH diaphoraselnitric oxide synthase in the spinal
... possible that some of the injured neurons may represent motoneurons projecting to the spinal cord. Since neurons in injury such as ischaemia are described to release glutamate (Rothman and Olncy, 1987; Dragunow et al., 1990; Collaco et al., 1994) and since glutamatergic neurotransmission through the ...
... possible that some of the injured neurons may represent motoneurons projecting to the spinal cord. Since neurons in injury such as ischaemia are described to release glutamate (Rothman and Olncy, 1987; Dragunow et al., 1990; Collaco et al., 1994) and since glutamatergic neurotransmission through the ...
Odorant Category Profile Selectivity of Olfactory Cortex Neurons
... machi Kikai, Tokyo, Japan). Respiration was acids, lactones, and phenols. The eight categories examined in the present study are indicated by the columns with color. Note that continuously monitored by measuring the individual foods show distinct odorant-category profiles. The names of the odorants ...
... machi Kikai, Tokyo, Japan). Respiration was acids, lactones, and phenols. The eight categories examined in the present study are indicated by the columns with color. Note that continuously monitored by measuring the individual foods show distinct odorant-category profiles. The names of the odorants ...
Regulation of Stroke-Induced Neurogenesis in Adult Brain—Recent
... symptomatology, this model closely resembles the most common type of stroke in adult humans. Briefly, under halothane anesthesia, the middle cerebral artery of artificially ventilated rats was occluded with a nylon monofilament inserted through the common carotid artery (Koizumi and others 1986; Zhao a ...
... symptomatology, this model closely resembles the most common type of stroke in adult humans. Briefly, under halothane anesthesia, the middle cerebral artery of artificially ventilated rats was occluded with a nylon monofilament inserted through the common carotid artery (Koizumi and others 1986; Zhao a ...
Acetylcholine Acetylcholine IUPAC name[hide] 2-Acetoxy
... Excitability and inhibition Acetylcholine also has other effects on neurons. One effect is to cause a slow depolarization[citation needed] by blocking a tonically-active K+ current, which increases neuronal excitability. Alternatively, acetylcholine can activate non-specific cation conductances to d ...
... Excitability and inhibition Acetylcholine also has other effects on neurons. One effect is to cause a slow depolarization[citation needed] by blocking a tonically-active K+ current, which increases neuronal excitability. Alternatively, acetylcholine can activate non-specific cation conductances to d ...
Volume and Number of Neurons of the Human
... neurons in CA1 (r 5 20.84, 2P , 0.0001) and subiculum (r 5 20.49, 2P , 0.05) but not in other subdivisions. Pronounced AD-related reductions in neuron number were found only in the subiculum and the fascia dentata. Compared with controls, both losses represented 23% of neurons (P , 0.05). These resu ...
... neurons in CA1 (r 5 20.84, 2P , 0.0001) and subiculum (r 5 20.49, 2P , 0.05) but not in other subdivisions. Pronounced AD-related reductions in neuron number were found only in the subiculum and the fascia dentata. Compared with controls, both losses represented 23% of neurons (P , 0.05). These resu ...
Simulations of the Role of the Muscarinic-Activated Calcium- I in Entorhinal Neuronal
... Aigner, 1996). Data from slice preparations of entorhinal cortex demonstrate a possible cellular mechanism for cholinergic modulation of entorhinal memory function. In physiological recordings from layer II principal cells in slice preparations (Klink and Alonso, 1997a,b), application of the choline ...
... Aigner, 1996). Data from slice preparations of entorhinal cortex demonstrate a possible cellular mechanism for cholinergic modulation of entorhinal memory function. In physiological recordings from layer II principal cells in slice preparations (Klink and Alonso, 1997a,b), application of the choline ...
Inferring spike-timing-dependent plasticity from spike train data
... shown that synaptic plasticity depends on the precise pairing of pre- and post-synaptic spiking [3]. While such spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) is thought to serve as a powerful regulatory mechanism [4], measuring STDP in vivo using intracellular recordings is experimentally difficult [5]. ...
... shown that synaptic plasticity depends on the precise pairing of pre- and post-synaptic spiking [3]. While such spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) is thought to serve as a powerful regulatory mechanism [4], measuring STDP in vivo using intracellular recordings is experimentally difficult [5]. ...
Leech Heart CPG
... Due to their reciprocally inhibitory synapses the pair of HN(3) neurons can produce oscillations (Fig 4, B). This is the smallest group of cells that can produce oscillations and hence are called the elemental oscillator (Fig 4, C). The HN(4) neurons are also considered as an elemental or half-cente ...
... Due to their reciprocally inhibitory synapses the pair of HN(3) neurons can produce oscillations (Fig 4, B). This is the smallest group of cells that can produce oscillations and hence are called the elemental oscillator (Fig 4, C). The HN(4) neurons are also considered as an elemental or half-cente ...
The neural basis for combinatorial coding in a cortical population response
... events: either a cell generates an action potential or it remains silent (Adrian, 1926). If we average, either over long periods of time or over many presentations of the same sensory inputs, then we can recover a continuous description of neural responses in terms of the firing rate or probability ...
... events: either a cell generates an action potential or it remains silent (Adrian, 1926). If we average, either over long periods of time or over many presentations of the same sensory inputs, then we can recover a continuous description of neural responses in terms of the firing rate or probability ...
Hypothalamus
... preoptic area. The neurochemical phenotype of parvocellular neurons plays an extremely important role in determining the secretory responses of the anterior pituitary gland. Often, two neurochemically distinct populations of parvocellular neurons will have opposing effects upon the same group of cell ...
... preoptic area. The neurochemical phenotype of parvocellular neurons plays an extremely important role in determining the secretory responses of the anterior pituitary gland. Often, two neurochemically distinct populations of parvocellular neurons will have opposing effects upon the same group of cell ...
Septins promote dendrite and axon development by negatively
... perinatal mouse cerebrocortical neurons express most of the septin subunits in vivo and in vitro as do rat hippocampal neurons15, and that SEPT5, SEPT6, SEPT7 and SEPT11 constitute the major septin species that form hetero-oligomers (Supplementary Fig. S1). To perturb the septin system, the pivotal ...
... perinatal mouse cerebrocortical neurons express most of the septin subunits in vivo and in vitro as do rat hippocampal neurons15, and that SEPT5, SEPT6, SEPT7 and SEPT11 constitute the major septin species that form hetero-oligomers (Supplementary Fig. S1). To perturb the septin system, the pivotal ...
Representing Spatial Information for Limb - Research
... al., 1994), and cerebellum (Fortier et al., 1989). Many neurons at all these sites are broadly tuned to the direction of the hand movement. Preferred directions (PDs) tend to be distributed uniformly throughout space, and the population vector predicts well the hand trajectory (Georgopoulos et al., ...
... al., 1994), and cerebellum (Fortier et al., 1989). Many neurons at all these sites are broadly tuned to the direction of the hand movement. Preferred directions (PDs) tend to be distributed uniformly throughout space, and the population vector predicts well the hand trajectory (Georgopoulos et al., ...
PDF
... neurons (reviewed by Pearson and Doe, 2004; Brody and Odewald, 2002; Jacob et al., 2008). This sequence of events is recapitulated in vitro using isolated neuroblasts and is linked to the number of cell cycles that have progressed, suggesting that the derivation of different neuronal cell types from ...
... neurons (reviewed by Pearson and Doe, 2004; Brody and Odewald, 2002; Jacob et al., 2008). This sequence of events is recapitulated in vitro using isolated neuroblasts and is linked to the number of cell cycles that have progressed, suggesting that the derivation of different neuronal cell types from ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... citric acid– best neurons, the magnitude of inhibition produced by CeA activation increased with an increase in stimulus effectiveness. The responses to citric acid were inhibited significantly more than the responses to all other stimuli with the exception of NaCl mixed with amiloride. The overall ...
... citric acid– best neurons, the magnitude of inhibition produced by CeA activation increased with an increase in stimulus effectiveness. The responses to citric acid were inhibited significantly more than the responses to all other stimuli with the exception of NaCl mixed with amiloride. The overall ...
6 Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Muscles
... • An area of the ventrolateral medulla next to the nucleus ambiguus, the pre-Bötzinger complex, is hypothesized to be a critical site for respiratory rhythmogenesis. Current theory proposes that a group of pacemaker neurons depolarize, fire, and repolarize in a rhythmic fashion. This endogenous osc ...
... • An area of the ventrolateral medulla next to the nucleus ambiguus, the pre-Bötzinger complex, is hypothesized to be a critical site for respiratory rhythmogenesis. Current theory proposes that a group of pacemaker neurons depolarize, fire, and repolarize in a rhythmic fashion. This endogenous osc ...
Loss of Neurons in Magnocellular and Parvocellular Layers of the
... nerves was not statistically significant (P..05) for the monkeys examined in this study; therefore, changes observed in left LGN layers 1, 4, and 6 are most representative for changes observed in target LGN neurons. Left LGN layers 1, 4, and 6 of monkeys with a normal visual system were used as cont ...
... nerves was not statistically significant (P..05) for the monkeys examined in this study; therefore, changes observed in left LGN layers 1, 4, and 6 are most representative for changes observed in target LGN neurons. Left LGN layers 1, 4, and 6 of monkeys with a normal visual system were used as cont ...
PDF
... primary auditory cortex (Abeles and Goldstein, 1970) and in many other cortical areas (Mountcastle, 1997). These observations prompted a deep thought that ‘the cells behave as though they shared certain connections among themselves, but not with cells of neighboring columns, and in this sense a sing ...
... primary auditory cortex (Abeles and Goldstein, 1970) and in many other cortical areas (Mountcastle, 1997). These observations prompted a deep thought that ‘the cells behave as though they shared certain connections among themselves, but not with cells of neighboring columns, and in this sense a sing ...
Life and Death of Neurons in the Aging Brain
... contrasts are revealed most clearly in studies involving stereological techniques to estimate neuron number in key hippocampal and neocortical regions. These procedures have been recently reviewed in some detail (16). Perhaps the most important advantage is that these techniques allow one to obtain ...
... contrasts are revealed most clearly in studies involving stereological techniques to estimate neuron number in key hippocampal and neocortical regions. These procedures have been recently reviewed in some detail (16). Perhaps the most important advantage is that these techniques allow one to obtain ...
Dr. Ghassan The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): After studying
... outward and terminate on the effector tissues. This divergence of the preganglionic neuron results in coordinated sympathetic stimulation to tissues throughout the body. The concurrent stimulation of many organs and tissues in the body is referred to as a mass sympathetic discharge. Other preganglio ...
... outward and terminate on the effector tissues. This divergence of the preganglionic neuron results in coordinated sympathetic stimulation to tissues throughout the body. The concurrent stimulation of many organs and tissues in the body is referred to as a mass sympathetic discharge. Other preganglio ...
Response Characteristics of Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn Neurons in
... In the present study, we explored response characteristics of dorsal horn neurons of spinally injured rats exhibiting chronic pain (pain-like response to innocuous mechanical and cold stimulation). Several abnormalities were found in the distribution and response characteristics of dorsal horn neuro ...
... In the present study, we explored response characteristics of dorsal horn neurons of spinally injured rats exhibiting chronic pain (pain-like response to innocuous mechanical and cold stimulation). Several abnormalities were found in the distribution and response characteristics of dorsal horn neuro ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.