Action recognition in the premotor cortex
... As described above, the majority of mirror neurons responded to the observation of one action only. In this section we will show examples of these neurons and illustrate their properties. For the sake of simplicity the different types of neurons will be named with the action that activated them. The ...
... As described above, the majority of mirror neurons responded to the observation of one action only. In this section we will show examples of these neurons and illustrate their properties. For the sake of simplicity the different types of neurons will be named with the action that activated them. The ...
Comparison of the Distributions of lpsilaterally and Contralaterally
... This anatomical organization may be the basis for a precise channeling of differential information at the single neuron level. Each of the cat’s numerous cortical representations of the visual hemifield is interconnected with many other cortical areas in both hemispheres. Two strongly interconnected ...
... This anatomical organization may be the basis for a precise channeling of differential information at the single neuron level. Each of the cat’s numerous cortical representations of the visual hemifield is interconnected with many other cortical areas in both hemispheres. Two strongly interconnected ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... Fig. 4.13 Some sources of nonlinear (modulatory) effects between synapses as modeled by sigma-pi nodes. (A) shunting (divisive) inhibition, which is often recorded as the effect of inhibitory synapses on the cell body. (B) The effect of simultaneously activated voltage-gated excitatory synapses that ...
... Fig. 4.13 Some sources of nonlinear (modulatory) effects between synapses as modeled by sigma-pi nodes. (A) shunting (divisive) inhibition, which is often recorded as the effect of inhibitory synapses on the cell body. (B) The effect of simultaneously activated voltage-gated excitatory synapses that ...
Gao JCN 2000 - Georgia State University
... GABA-ir neurons at postnatal day (P) 60. This occurred long after the cortical layers were in place, and near the close of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity (Chapman et al., 1996; Ruthazer et al., 1999). One aim of this study was to characterize further the neurons involved in the ...
... GABA-ir neurons at postnatal day (P) 60. This occurred long after the cortical layers were in place, and near the close of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity (Chapman et al., 1996; Ruthazer et al., 1999). One aim of this study was to characterize further the neurons involved in the ...
PDF
... and the direct inhibitory input is equated with the prediction Pðt 2 1Þ at the earlier time step. Houk et al.’s model of the critic does not include an exact timing mechanism, but rather a slow and persistent inhibition of DA neurons. As a result, it does not account for the timed depression of DA a ...
... and the direct inhibitory input is equated with the prediction Pðt 2 1Þ at the earlier time step. Houk et al.’s model of the critic does not include an exact timing mechanism, but rather a slow and persistent inhibition of DA neurons. As a result, it does not account for the timed depression of DA a ...
Sonic Hedgehog Expression in Corticofugal Projection Neurons
... changes in Shh conditional null animals, we performed wholecell voltage clamp recordings and examined spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in layer V and layer II/III pyramidal neurons in acute brain slices from P21– P28 ShhcKO mice and wild-type littermates (Figure 3I). W ...
... changes in Shh conditional null animals, we performed wholecell voltage clamp recordings and examined spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in layer V and layer II/III pyramidal neurons in acute brain slices from P21– P28 ShhcKO mice and wild-type littermates (Figure 3I). W ...
Biological constraints limit the use of rapamycin
... Background: Rapamycin-induced translocation systems can be used to manipulate biological processes with precise temporal control. These systems are based on rapamycin-induced dimerization of FK506 Binding Protein 12 (FKBP12) with the FKBP Rapamycin Binding (FRB) domain of mammalian target of rapamyc ...
... Background: Rapamycin-induced translocation systems can be used to manipulate biological processes with precise temporal control. These systems are based on rapamycin-induced dimerization of FK506 Binding Protein 12 (FKBP12) with the FKBP Rapamycin Binding (FRB) domain of mammalian target of rapamyc ...
Current advances and pressing problems in studies of stopping
... between rIFC and STN is uncertain. In monkeys, prefrontal inputs to STN arise from FEF and dorsal medial frontal areas but not from ventral PFC [47]. Moreover, the prefrontal inputs terminate in a ventral sector of STN that does not overlap with the M1 and SMA terminals [47,48]. In humans, a recent ...
... between rIFC and STN is uncertain. In monkeys, prefrontal inputs to STN arise from FEF and dorsal medial frontal areas but not from ventral PFC [47]. Moreover, the prefrontal inputs terminate in a ventral sector of STN that does not overlap with the M1 and SMA terminals [47,48]. In humans, a recent ...
Glutamate Receptors Form Hot Spots on Apical Dendrites of
... apparatus developed for infrared-guided laser photostimulation (Fig. 1, A and B), we were able to visually direct a 1-m spot of UV light onto the surface of the neuron of interest. Because the uncaging in the z-axis depends on the precise focus onto the center of the dendrite, the focal points of t ...
... apparatus developed for infrared-guided laser photostimulation (Fig. 1, A and B), we were able to visually direct a 1-m spot of UV light onto the surface of the neuron of interest. Because the uncaging in the z-axis depends on the precise focus onto the center of the dendrite, the focal points of t ...
Primitive Roles for Inhibitory Interneurons in Developing Frog Spinal
... (Roberts, 2000; Li et al., 2001). These are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1, where their functions are listed. We have recently established that one class of spinal interneuron with a very characteristic axonal projection pattern, called ascending interneurons (aINs), produces phasic, glycinergic ...
... (Roberts, 2000; Li et al., 2001). These are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1, where their functions are listed. We have recently established that one class of spinal interneuron with a very characteristic axonal projection pattern, called ascending interneurons (aINs), produces phasic, glycinergic ...
Art.-Schoenbaum (R) - UCSD Cognitive Science
... anticipated outcomes developed early in the course of training in two interconnected structures that are widely viewed as serving important functions in adaptive behavior. Clinical observations indicate that human patients with damage to the orbital region of prefrontal cortex are prone to poor judg ...
... anticipated outcomes developed early in the course of training in two interconnected structures that are widely viewed as serving important functions in adaptive behavior. Clinical observations indicate that human patients with damage to the orbital region of prefrontal cortex are prone to poor judg ...
Coding of Auditory-Stimulus Identity in the Auditory Non
... information values (Chechik et al. 2006; Grunewald et al. 1999; Nelken and Chechik 2007; Panzeri and Treves 1996b). This correction procedure corrects for erroneously large bit-rate values due to large variances inherent in small sample sizes. We calculated bias in two different ways. First, we calc ...
... information values (Chechik et al. 2006; Grunewald et al. 1999; Nelken and Chechik 2007; Panzeri and Treves 1996b). This correction procedure corrects for erroneously large bit-rate values due to large variances inherent in small sample sizes. We calculated bias in two different ways. First, we calc ...
Basal ganglia discharge abnormalities in Parkinson`s disease
... changes are probably explained by the emerging pattern abnormalities, such as bursts in discharge. It appears that these rate and pattern changes in the basal ganglia-thalamocortical pathways actively disrupt cortical processing. The strongest argument in favor of this view is the fact that neurosur ...
... changes are probably explained by the emerging pattern abnormalities, such as bursts in discharge. It appears that these rate and pattern changes in the basal ganglia-thalamocortical pathways actively disrupt cortical processing. The strongest argument in favor of this view is the fact that neurosur ...
Layer-Specific Markers as Probes for Neuron Type Identity in
... Additional work will be required to resolve the discrepancies ...
... Additional work will be required to resolve the discrepancies ...
The Basal Ganglia
... • Stress. Baseline firing rates are little affected by homeostatic challenges or stress. However, stressors can transiently reverse akinetic states produced by striatal dopamine depletion; furthermore, stress increases forebrain dopamine utilization and turnover. One possibility is that stressors a ...
... • Stress. Baseline firing rates are little affected by homeostatic challenges or stress. However, stressors can transiently reverse akinetic states produced by striatal dopamine depletion; furthermore, stress increases forebrain dopamine utilization and turnover. One possibility is that stressors a ...
Stereotyped connectivity and computations in higher
... lateral horn contrasts with the probabilistic wiring of the mushroom body, reflecting the distinct roles of these regions in innate as compared to learned behaviors. Most individual odor stimuli activate multiple odorant receptors and thus multiple types of olfactory receptor neurons. All the olfact ...
... lateral horn contrasts with the probabilistic wiring of the mushroom body, reflecting the distinct roles of these regions in innate as compared to learned behaviors. Most individual odor stimuli activate multiple odorant receptors and thus multiple types of olfactory receptor neurons. All the olfact ...
Full text - Ip Lab - Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
... EphB TKO mice, it was found that activation of EphB2 forward signaling rescues the defects in synapse formation only between the first and second week in vitro [12]. The same study further shows that activation of EphB2 increases filopodia motility via activation of the serine/threonine kinase PAK ...
... EphB TKO mice, it was found that activation of EphB2 forward signaling rescues the defects in synapse formation only between the first and second week in vitro [12]. The same study further shows that activation of EphB2 increases filopodia motility via activation of the serine/threonine kinase PAK ...
Leap 2 - Entire - Teacher Enrichment Initiatives
... (inhibitory). These chemical compounds exist in a delicate balance (equilibrium). The type of neurotransmitter activated, either inhibitory or excitatory, is dependent on the activity and the part of the brain involved. Physical activity, for example, causes release of neurotransmitters called endor ...
... (inhibitory). These chemical compounds exist in a delicate balance (equilibrium). The type of neurotransmitter activated, either inhibitory or excitatory, is dependent on the activity and the part of the brain involved. Physical activity, for example, causes release of neurotransmitters called endor ...
Neuronal calcium-binding proteins 1/2 localize to dorsal root ganglia
... neurons (GAD67gfp/+; indicated by arrowhead in Fig. 2 K–M). Retrograde tracing with rhodamine dextran amine showed that the axons of these cells crossed the midline of the spinal ventral horn, and thus represent commissural neurons (Fig. 2N). In Fig. 2I, some crossing axons have been highlighted wit ...
... neurons (GAD67gfp/+; indicated by arrowhead in Fig. 2 K–M). Retrograde tracing with rhodamine dextran amine showed that the axons of these cells crossed the midline of the spinal ventral horn, and thus represent commissural neurons (Fig. 2N). In Fig. 2I, some crossing axons have been highlighted wit ...
Signaling by truncated Dab1 protein - Development
... The disabled 1 (Dab1) p80 protein is essential for reelin signaling during brain development. p80 has an N-terminal domain for association with reelin receptors, followed by reelin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation sites and about 310 C-terminal residues of unknown function. We have generated mutan ...
... The disabled 1 (Dab1) p80 protein is essential for reelin signaling during brain development. p80 has an N-terminal domain for association with reelin receptors, followed by reelin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation sites and about 310 C-terminal residues of unknown function. We have generated mutan ...
Synchrony Unbound: Review A Critical Evaluation of
... solved in primary visual cortex, and that the computations involved cannot be completed until a fairly high level in the visual cortical hierarchy. The neurological literature supports the idea that binding is a high-level process. Visual binding deficits are vividly seen in Balint’s syndrome, “an a ...
... solved in primary visual cortex, and that the computations involved cannot be completed until a fairly high level in the visual cortical hierarchy. The neurological literature supports the idea that binding is a high-level process. Visual binding deficits are vividly seen in Balint’s syndrome, “an a ...
Distribution of GABA‐like immunoreactivity in the rat amygdaloid
... GABA-Li material. However, the pattern and location of The distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the the neurons varied, as did their shapes, the density of their amygdaloid complex has been studied by using specific distribution, and the intensity of the staining in the anti-GABA antibodies ...
... GABA-Li material. However, the pattern and location of The distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the the neurons varied, as did their shapes, the density of their amygdaloid complex has been studied by using specific distribution, and the intensity of the staining in the anti-GABA antibodies ...
Review. Glial cells in neuronal network function
... results exclusively from neuronal network activity, and suggests that nervous system function actually arises from the activity of neuron–glia networks. Most of our knowledge of the properties and physiological consequences of the bidirectional communication between astrocytes and neurons resides at ...
... results exclusively from neuronal network activity, and suggests that nervous system function actually arises from the activity of neuron–glia networks. Most of our knowledge of the properties and physiological consequences of the bidirectional communication between astrocytes and neurons resides at ...
pdf file. - Harvard Vision Lab
... (Fig. 3a, left; R 5 0.97, P , 0.001) and in the population (Fig. 3b; mean R 5 0.50, greater than 0 at P , 0.002, t-test; n 5 13 neurons having more than ten trials). In addition, there was a higher peak in the average firing rate when aligned to saccade initiation (Fig. 3a, right) as opposed to prob ...
... (Fig. 3a, left; R 5 0.97, P , 0.001) and in the population (Fig. 3b; mean R 5 0.50, greater than 0 at P , 0.002, t-test; n 5 13 neurons having more than ten trials). In addition, there was a higher peak in the average firing rate when aligned to saccade initiation (Fig. 3a, right) as opposed to prob ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.