GABAergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...
Higher-Order Functions
... diencephalon, plays an uncertain role in memory storage and retrieval. Damage to this nucleus is associated with changes in emotional states, memory, and intellectual function. ...
... diencephalon, plays an uncertain role in memory storage and retrieval. Damage to this nucleus is associated with changes in emotional states, memory, and intellectual function. ...
BRAIN DYNAMICS AT MULTIPLE SCALES: CAN ONE RECONCILE
... [Destexhe, 1992]. EEG dynamics also displays other characteristics of chaotic dynamical systems, such as broad-band power spectra (not shown) and fractal attractor dimensions. This latter point was investigated by a number of laboratories, and is summarized in Fig. 3. Correlation integrals C(r) are ...
... [Destexhe, 1992]. EEG dynamics also displays other characteristics of chaotic dynamical systems, such as broad-band power spectra (not shown) and fractal attractor dimensions. This latter point was investigated by a number of laboratories, and is summarized in Fig. 3. Correlation integrals C(r) are ...
Cortical projections to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal
... Yerkes Regional Primate Center, Department of Neurology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 ...
... Yerkes Regional Primate Center, Department of Neurology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
... regulated by a balance between excitatory (orexins and glutamate) and inhibitory (dynorphin and N/OFQ) neurotransmitters originating from orexin neurons, a balance influenced by the quantity and time course of each transmitter release. On the other hand, MCH released onto orexin neurons can act as a ...
... regulated by a balance between excitatory (orexins and glutamate) and inhibitory (dynorphin and N/OFQ) neurotransmitters originating from orexin neurons, a balance influenced by the quantity and time course of each transmitter release. On the other hand, MCH released onto orexin neurons can act as a ...
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... ability to determine rate and/or reinforcement density is fundamental to adaptive behavior, such as the determination of food patch density in foraging organisms. Another utilization of rate estimation is in interceptive timing, where judgments are made as to time of impact based upon rate of motion ...
... ability to determine rate and/or reinforcement density is fundamental to adaptive behavior, such as the determination of food patch density in foraging organisms. Another utilization of rate estimation is in interceptive timing, where judgments are made as to time of impact based upon rate of motion ...
Segregated cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
... the post hoc histological identification of the recorded neurons, we classified them as DA (TH+; n = 60) or non-DA (TH-; n = 36) (Fig. 1f, 1g, 2f and 2g). The firing rate and pattern of each neuron during the light stimulation was compared to their firing characteristics during the preceding baseli ...
... the post hoc histological identification of the recorded neurons, we classified them as DA (TH+; n = 60) or non-DA (TH-; n = 36) (Fig. 1f, 1g, 2f and 2g). The firing rate and pattern of each neuron during the light stimulation was compared to their firing characteristics during the preceding baseli ...
Integration of Perspective and Disparity Cues in Surface
... Masato Taira. Integration of perspective and disparity cues in surface-orientation–selective neurons of area CIP. J Neurophysiol 86: 2856 –2867, 2001. We investigated the effects of linear perspective and binocular disparity, as monocular and binocular depth cues, respectively, on the response of su ...
... Masato Taira. Integration of perspective and disparity cues in surface-orientation–selective neurons of area CIP. J Neurophysiol 86: 2856 –2867, 2001. We investigated the effects of linear perspective and binocular disparity, as monocular and binocular depth cues, respectively, on the response of su ...
D2 receptor overexpression in the striatum leads to a deficit in
... type of DA receptors are involved in the change in sensitivity of DA to synaptic transmission in layer V pyramidal neurons in striatal D2R-OE mice, we tested the effects of the D1/D5 agonist SKF-81297 on the evoked IPSC and EPSC trains in both transgenic and control mice. SKF-81297 is a highly D1-se ...
... type of DA receptors are involved in the change in sensitivity of DA to synaptic transmission in layer V pyramidal neurons in striatal D2R-OE mice, we tested the effects of the D1/D5 agonist SKF-81297 on the evoked IPSC and EPSC trains in both transgenic and control mice. SKF-81297 is a highly D1-se ...
Sensory signals during active versus passive movement
... only vestibular inputs are available to the central nervous system and there is no motor efference copy signal because the monkey does not actively move its head. (b) Activity of the same neuron during active head-on-body movements. In this condition, the monkey commands an active head movement and ...
... only vestibular inputs are available to the central nervous system and there is no motor efference copy signal because the monkey does not actively move its head. (b) Activity of the same neuron during active head-on-body movements. In this condition, the monkey commands an active head movement and ...
Spike-Wave Complexes and Fast Components of Cortically
... ketamine-xylazine and barbiturate anesthesia. Both components of seizures were analyzed, but emphasis was placed on the fast runs because of their recent investigation at the cellular level. 1) The fast runs occurred at slightly different frequencies and, therefore, were asynchronous in various cort ...
... ketamine-xylazine and barbiturate anesthesia. Both components of seizures were analyzed, but emphasis was placed on the fast runs because of their recent investigation at the cellular level. 1) The fast runs occurred at slightly different frequencies and, therefore, were asynchronous in various cort ...
Kalirin, a Multifunctional Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor
... the morphology of the dendritic tree, which is critical for receiving, processing, and integrating synaptic inputs. Understanding neuronal plasticity requires understanding the many factors that control the actin cytoskeleton (Schmidt and Hall, 1998; Luo, 2002). Among these factors are the Rho GTPas ...
... the morphology of the dendritic tree, which is critical for receiving, processing, and integrating synaptic inputs. Understanding neuronal plasticity requires understanding the many factors that control the actin cytoskeleton (Schmidt and Hall, 1998; Luo, 2002). Among these factors are the Rho GTPas ...
Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal
... HVC neurons. In some animals, fluorogold injections missed RA on one side of the brain. When this occurred, values from the remaining hemisphere were used. In cases where fluorogold injections were on target in both hemispheres, values for left and right HVC were averaged together. We found no evide ...
... HVC neurons. In some animals, fluorogold injections missed RA on one side of the brain. When this occurred, values from the remaining hemisphere were used. In cases where fluorogold injections were on target in both hemispheres, values for left and right HVC were averaged together. We found no evide ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
... spinocerebellar tract neurons in mouse spinal cord revealed distinct populations of Clarke’s column neurons that received direct excitatory and/or indirect inhibitory inputs from descending corticospinal axons. The convergence of these descending inhibitory and excitatory inputs to Clarke’s column n ...
... spinocerebellar tract neurons in mouse spinal cord revealed distinct populations of Clarke’s column neurons that received direct excitatory and/or indirect inhibitory inputs from descending corticospinal axons. The convergence of these descending inhibitory and excitatory inputs to Clarke’s column n ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... to the cerebral cortex including motor areas. Thus, the VM is at least partly associated with the motor function as well as with other cortical functions. In addition to the VM, the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclear complex (VA-VL), the motor thalamic nuclei, accepts abundant afferents no ...
... to the cerebral cortex including motor areas. Thus, the VM is at least partly associated with the motor function as well as with other cortical functions. In addition to the VM, the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclear complex (VA-VL), the motor thalamic nuclei, accepts abundant afferents no ...
A Motion-sensitive Area in Ferret Extrastriate
... Preferred directions of visual stimulus motion were determined utilizing the weighted average method. Each spike time was assigned a vector corresponding to the stimulus direction at this time corrected by the neuron’s response latency. In other words: a response at time t = x ms was related to a st ...
... Preferred directions of visual stimulus motion were determined utilizing the weighted average method. Each spike time was assigned a vector corresponding to the stimulus direction at this time corrected by the neuron’s response latency. In other words: a response at time t = x ms was related to a st ...
Morphology and Physiology of the Cerebellar Vestibulolateral Lobe
... fact the cerebellar area related to eye and head movement signal processing (Michnovicz and Bennett 1987; Pastor et al. 1994a; Weiser et al. 1988). The role of VL was directly corroborated by recording both ipsilateral (EI) and contralateral (EII) horizontal eye velocity–related activity that, unlik ...
... fact the cerebellar area related to eye and head movement signal processing (Michnovicz and Bennett 1987; Pastor et al. 1994a; Weiser et al. 1988). The role of VL was directly corroborated by recording both ipsilateral (EI) and contralateral (EII) horizontal eye velocity–related activity that, unlik ...
Embodied Cognition and Mirror Neurons
... An overlap between brain areas active in two different tasks does not imply an overlap between the neural mechanisms involved in performing those tasks. Several neural populations coexist in a single brain area, and the results cannot rule out that the observed overlap derives from the activity of t ...
... An overlap between brain areas active in two different tasks does not imply an overlap between the neural mechanisms involved in performing those tasks. Several neural populations coexist in a single brain area, and the results cannot rule out that the observed overlap derives from the activity of t ...
Disruption of Target Interactions Prevents the Development of
... we found a large, transient increase in Enk-IR in the caudal part of the SCG postnatally. The acquisition of Enk-IR and proenkephalin A mRNA could be influenced by a variety of signals, including interactions with target tissues. Precedents exist for an instructive role of targets in neurotransmitte ...
... we found a large, transient increase in Enk-IR in the caudal part of the SCG postnatally. The acquisition of Enk-IR and proenkephalin A mRNA could be influenced by a variety of signals, including interactions with target tissues. Precedents exist for an instructive role of targets in neurotransmitte ...
Somatosensory Substrates of Flight Control in Bats
... quick altitude drops and directional changes. Such agile flight is unmatched by gliding mammals and existing aircraft technologies. Bat wings have evolved not only for flight, like avian wings, but also for object manipulation, such as pup handling and capturing insects. This range of functions is p ...
... quick altitude drops and directional changes. Such agile flight is unmatched by gliding mammals and existing aircraft technologies. Bat wings have evolved not only for flight, like avian wings, but also for object manipulation, such as pup handling and capturing insects. This range of functions is p ...
Dynamical systems view
... An epic, twenty-year battle was fought over the cortical representation of movement. Do motor cortex neurons represent the direction of the hand during reaching, or do they represent other features of movement such as joint rotation or muscle output? Graziano 2011 The role of the motor system is to ...
... An epic, twenty-year battle was fought over the cortical representation of movement. Do motor cortex neurons represent the direction of the hand during reaching, or do they represent other features of movement such as joint rotation or muscle output? Graziano 2011 The role of the motor system is to ...
The LIM and POU homeobox genes ttx-3 and unc
... Transcription factors that drive neuron type-specific terminal differentiation programs in the developing nervous system are often expressed in several distinct neuronal cell types, but to what extent they have similar or distinct activities in individual neuronal cell types is generally not well ex ...
... Transcription factors that drive neuron type-specific terminal differentiation programs in the developing nervous system are often expressed in several distinct neuronal cell types, but to what extent they have similar or distinct activities in individual neuronal cell types is generally not well ex ...
V1 mechanisms underlying chromatic contrast detection
... Solomon and Lennie 2005), the responses of V1 neurons have not been measured previously at chromatic detection threshold, and nonlinearities in neuronal responses to high-contrast stimuli complicate extrapolations to a low-contrast regime (Conway and Livingstone 2006; De Valois et al. 2000; Hanazawa ...
... Solomon and Lennie 2005), the responses of V1 neurons have not been measured previously at chromatic detection threshold, and nonlinearities in neuronal responses to high-contrast stimuli complicate extrapolations to a low-contrast regime (Conway and Livingstone 2006; De Valois et al. 2000; Hanazawa ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.