Synaptic Regulation of Action Potential Timing in
... exhibiting a pause in their tonic irregular firing pattern in response to the sensory cue. Recent data indicate that there is an increase in the proportion of responding TANs in parallel with the acquisition of the learned movement (Aosaki et al., 1994b; Graybiel et al., 1994) and that an intact dop ...
... exhibiting a pause in their tonic irregular firing pattern in response to the sensory cue. Recent data indicate that there is an increase in the proportion of responding TANs in parallel with the acquisition of the learned movement (Aosaki et al., 1994b; Graybiel et al., 1994) and that an intact dop ...
Spinal motor neurons are regenerated after
... with progressing development. mCherry+ cells were still detectable at 10 dpf, but had completely disappeared in adults (data not shown). At 3 dpf, triple-labeling of Hb9, ChAT and mCherry revealed that 86% of the mCherry-labeled spinal cells were also positive for Hb9, ChAT or both, indicating that ...
... with progressing development. mCherry+ cells were still detectable at 10 dpf, but had completely disappeared in adults (data not shown). At 3 dpf, triple-labeling of Hb9, ChAT and mCherry revealed that 86% of the mCherry-labeled spinal cells were also positive for Hb9, ChAT or both, indicating that ...
The Neurophysiological Basis of Learning and Memory in Advanced
... (B) Similar to panel A, showing blockade of fPSP by AMPA-like glutamatergic receptor antagonists CNQX. Inset: Schematic slice with a typical placement of the recording and stimulating electrodes. ...
... (B) Similar to panel A, showing blockade of fPSP by AMPA-like glutamatergic receptor antagonists CNQX. Inset: Schematic slice with a typical placement of the recording and stimulating electrodes. ...
the distribution of the cells of origin of callosal projections in cat
... callosum to the adjacent cingulate gyri. This diffusion of HRP was sufficient to produce retrograde filling of neurons in the thalamus. In the animals used in this report, the thalamic label included a primary focus of HRP-filled neurons within the anterior nuclear group with additional light label ...
... callosum to the adjacent cingulate gyri. This diffusion of HRP was sufficient to produce retrograde filling of neurons in the thalamus. In the animals used in this report, the thalamic label included a primary focus of HRP-filled neurons within the anterior nuclear group with additional light label ...
Computational themes of peripheral processing
... Adaptation processes play an important role in achieving an intensity-invariant representation of the amplitude modulation of the perceived signal and to increase the signalto-noise ratio. Next, the representation of the amplitude modulation of a signal by the auditory receptor neurons (Machens et a ...
... Adaptation processes play an important role in achieving an intensity-invariant representation of the amplitude modulation of the perceived signal and to increase the signalto-noise ratio. Next, the representation of the amplitude modulation of a signal by the auditory receptor neurons (Machens et a ...
Ch. 2 - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... If action potentials are all or none, how does the nervous system code differences in sensory stimulus amplitudes? What property (or properties) of ion channels makes them selective to only one ion such as K+, and not another such as Na+? Is it the size of the channel, other factors, or a combinatio ...
... If action potentials are all or none, how does the nervous system code differences in sensory stimulus amplitudes? What property (or properties) of ion channels makes them selective to only one ion such as K+, and not another such as Na+? Is it the size of the channel, other factors, or a combinatio ...
Linking Neural Activity to Visual Perception: Separating Sensory and
... ‘fast’, ‘far’ or ‘near’, are some of the simplest features that we can assign to a visual stimulus and are some of the basic attributes that we can perceive. But the transition from neural activity to perception is not simple and remains largely unknown. This process is not intractable, however, and ...
... ‘fast’, ‘far’ or ‘near’, are some of the simplest features that we can assign to a visual stimulus and are some of the basic attributes that we can perceive. But the transition from neural activity to perception is not simple and remains largely unknown. This process is not intractable, however, and ...
serotonin
... Receptor desensitization and down-regulation are common adaptive responses to sustained agonist exposure. The most widely accepted model of desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors is based on extensive studies of the -adrenergic receptor, a Gs-linked receptor. In a simplified rendition of th ...
... Receptor desensitization and down-regulation are common adaptive responses to sustained agonist exposure. The most widely accepted model of desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors is based on extensive studies of the -adrenergic receptor, a Gs-linked receptor. In a simplified rendition of th ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... For example, whenever a monkey performs a grasping action with visual guidance, the activation of motor neurons (involved in the performance of grasping) and visual neurons (involved in the visual guidance of grasping) is correlated. Through associative learning, this correlated activation gives the ...
... For example, whenever a monkey performs a grasping action with visual guidance, the activation of motor neurons (involved in the performance of grasping) and visual neurons (involved in the visual guidance of grasping) is correlated. Through associative learning, this correlated activation gives the ...
Emotional and Behavioral Correlates of Mediodorsal Thalamic
... bars that had a single steel bar on one end and two bars on the other end. Once the cement had hardened, these bars were removed, leaving a negative impression of the double end on each side of the acrylic block. During subsequent surgery or during the recording session, the double end of these arti ...
... bars that had a single steel bar on one end and two bars on the other end. Once the cement had hardened, these bars were removed, leaving a negative impression of the double end on each side of the acrylic block. During subsequent surgery or during the recording session, the double end of these arti ...
elaboration, remodeling and spatial organization of
... The Drosophila olfactory system has gradually become a convenient model system for studying many interesting neurological phenomena, such as odor coding (reviewed by Warr et al., 2001) and conditioned learning (reviewed by Waddell and Quinn, 2001). Formation of olfactory associative memory involves ...
... The Drosophila olfactory system has gradually become a convenient model system for studying many interesting neurological phenomena, such as odor coding (reviewed by Warr et al., 2001) and conditioned learning (reviewed by Waddell and Quinn, 2001). Formation of olfactory associative memory involves ...
The basis of the stress reaction
... Stress reaction is characterized by the pathways that are evoked by stressor. First, Seley hypothesized that stress reaction is non-specific. Now, the responses to stressors are considered as specific. Therefore, every response that consists of part of some specific pathway could be understood as st ...
... Stress reaction is characterized by the pathways that are evoked by stressor. First, Seley hypothesized that stress reaction is non-specific. Now, the responses to stressors are considered as specific. Therefore, every response that consists of part of some specific pathway could be understood as st ...
ARTICULOS PUBLICADOS EN REVISTAS ELECTRÓNICAS: TRABAJO 1:
... inhibitory and excitatory responses elicited by endogenous 5-HT in vivo. Nearly 60 % of the neurons in the PFC of the rat and mouse express the mRNAs of 5-HT1A and/or 5-HT2A receptors, with a high degree of co-expression (nearly 80% in most PFC areas; Amargós-Bosch et al., 2004). The vast majority o ...
... inhibitory and excitatory responses elicited by endogenous 5-HT in vivo. Nearly 60 % of the neurons in the PFC of the rat and mouse express the mRNAs of 5-HT1A and/or 5-HT2A receptors, with a high degree of co-expression (nearly 80% in most PFC areas; Amargós-Bosch et al., 2004). The vast majority o ...
Common Input to Motor Neurons Innervating the Same and Different
... receive similar inputs and that control a single muscle derives in part from these experimental observations on synaptic input organization. It is unclear, however, how the inputs to a pool of motor neurons might be organized for a muscle that is subdivided into different compartments (Loeb 1990). O ...
... receive similar inputs and that control a single muscle derives in part from these experimental observations on synaptic input organization. It is unclear, however, how the inputs to a pool of motor neurons might be organized for a muscle that is subdivided into different compartments (Loeb 1990). O ...
FREE Sample Here
... Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.3 Describe the factors that maintain a resting membrane potential. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 12) Na+/K+–ATPase is considered to be ...
... Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.3 Describe the factors that maintain a resting membrane potential. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 12) Na+/K+–ATPase is considered to be ...
Interactions between Adjacent Ganglia Bring About the Bilaterally
... Ablating AS precursors in selected hemiganglia Two different methods were used to ablate AS neurons or their precursors in selected hemigangha, both ofwhich rely on selectively labeling a subset of the neurons within the ganglion with a fluorescent tracer (Fig. 2A). The leech nerve cord arises from ...
... Ablating AS precursors in selected hemiganglia Two different methods were used to ablate AS neurons or their precursors in selected hemigangha, both ofwhich rely on selectively labeling a subset of the neurons within the ganglion with a fluorescent tracer (Fig. 2A). The leech nerve cord arises from ...
Single-Unit Analysis of the Spinal Dorsal Horn in Patients With
... obtained in 20 normal cats. This pioneering study found major hyperactivity in the deafferented neurons when compared with the nondeafferented ones. For Loeser and Ward (1967), Rexed’s layers V, VI, and VII were mostly concerned, and the hyperactivity (first observed 14 days after dorsal rhizotomy) ...
... obtained in 20 normal cats. This pioneering study found major hyperactivity in the deafferented neurons when compared with the nondeafferented ones. For Loeser and Ward (1967), Rexed’s layers V, VI, and VII were mostly concerned, and the hyperactivity (first observed 14 days after dorsal rhizotomy) ...
Visual Categorization and the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... learning to memorize specific stimulus-response contingencies during the recording experiments, the choice stimuli were 100 randomly generated morphs from each category that were randomly paired with sample stimuli of the appropriate category. To ensure that category judgment errors were due to conf ...
... learning to memorize specific stimulus-response contingencies during the recording experiments, the choice stimuli were 100 randomly generated morphs from each category that were randomly paired with sample stimuli of the appropriate category. To ensure that category judgment errors were due to conf ...
Interplay of environmental signals and progenitor diversity on fate
... adult cortex, inhibitory neurons are generated during the second gestational week from distinct progenitor lineages located in restricted domains of the ventral telencephalon. However, only recently, studies have revealed some of the mechanisms generating the heterogeneity of neuronal subtypes and t ...
... adult cortex, inhibitory neurons are generated during the second gestational week from distinct progenitor lineages located in restricted domains of the ventral telencephalon. However, only recently, studies have revealed some of the mechanisms generating the heterogeneity of neuronal subtypes and t ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.