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From/To LTM - Ohio University
... Spatio-temporal memories are fundamental to self-organization and learning in bio-inspired systems. Short term memory (STM) and long term memory (LTM): two major types of memories in neurobiological research of human brain. They occupy different regions of the human brain, have different structu ...
... Spatio-temporal memories are fundamental to self-organization and learning in bio-inspired systems. Short term memory (STM) and long term memory (LTM): two major types of memories in neurobiological research of human brain. They occupy different regions of the human brain, have different structu ...
Optimal Sizes of Dendritic and Axonal Arbors
... Understanding brain function requires knowing connections between neurons. However, experimental studies of inter-neuronal connectivity are difficult and the connectivity data is scarce. At the same time neuroanatomists possess much data on cellular morphology and have powerful techniques to image n ...
... Understanding brain function requires knowing connections between neurons. However, experimental studies of inter-neuronal connectivity are difficult and the connectivity data is scarce. At the same time neuroanatomists possess much data on cellular morphology and have powerful techniques to image n ...
Nicotinic Receptors in Addiction Pathways
... by a rich dendritic arbor from striatal cholinergic interneurons (Zhou et al., 2002). Although cholinergic and dopamine neurons were once thought to have opposing actions, a complex interrelationship has now been revealed (Surmeier and Graybiel, 2012). In both dorsal and ventral striatum, presynapti ...
... by a rich dendritic arbor from striatal cholinergic interneurons (Zhou et al., 2002). Although cholinergic and dopamine neurons were once thought to have opposing actions, a complex interrelationship has now been revealed (Surmeier and Graybiel, 2012). In both dorsal and ventral striatum, presynapti ...
MECHANISMS OF VERTEBRATE SYNAPTOGENESIS
... influence not only when and where synapses form but also synaptic specificity and stability. Some of these molecules act at a distance, steering axons to their correct receptive fields and promoting neuronal differentiation and maturation, whereas others act at the time of contact, providing positional ...
... influence not only when and where synapses form but also synaptic specificity and stability. Some of these molecules act at a distance, steering axons to their correct receptive fields and promoting neuronal differentiation and maturation, whereas others act at the time of contact, providing positional ...
EUGENE GARFIELD
... The central nervous system of Aplysia is remarkably well suited for studies of single cells. Almost all its nerve-cell bodies are large enough to permit the insertion of mieroeleetmkx for intracellular reeording. Many of the cells can be individually identified so that identical neurons can be exami ...
... The central nervous system of Aplysia is remarkably well suited for studies of single cells. Almost all its nerve-cell bodies are large enough to permit the insertion of mieroeleetmkx for intracellular reeording. Many of the cells can be individually identified so that identical neurons can be exami ...
Acid – Base Physiology
... Reabsorbed into the circulation Note; this process is all driven by the active transcellular movement of Na+ ...
... Reabsorbed into the circulation Note; this process is all driven by the active transcellular movement of Na+ ...
Brain Oscillations Control Timing of Single
... 5Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel ...
... 5Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel ...
The contribution of intrinsic membrane dynamics to fast network
... fast oscillations in the local field potential (40 –100 Hz gamma, 100 –200 Hz sharp-wave ripples) single cortical neurons typically fire irregularly at rates that are much lower than the oscillation frequency. Recent computational studies have provided a mathematical description of such fast oscilla ...
... fast oscillations in the local field potential (40 –100 Hz gamma, 100 –200 Hz sharp-wave ripples) single cortical neurons typically fire irregularly at rates that are much lower than the oscillation frequency. Recent computational studies have provided a mathematical description of such fast oscilla ...
Simulating Populations of Neurons - Leeds VLE
... Understanding the brain is a recent fascination in modern computing. We have come to realise that the brain is the most advanced computational tool that we know of, to be able to replicate neuronal processes could vastly improve current computational techniques. However, the more we understand the m ...
... Understanding the brain is a recent fascination in modern computing. We have come to realise that the brain is the most advanced computational tool that we know of, to be able to replicate neuronal processes could vastly improve current computational techniques. However, the more we understand the m ...
PDF file
... correspondence problem have been explored using area-based, feature-based, pixel-based, and phase-based as well as Bayesian approaches [8]. While those approaches have obtained limited success in special problems, it is becoming increasingly clear that they are not robust against wide variations in ...
... correspondence problem have been explored using area-based, feature-based, pixel-based, and phase-based as well as Bayesian approaches [8]. While those approaches have obtained limited success in special problems, it is becoming increasingly clear that they are not robust against wide variations in ...
Descending Systems Translate Transient Cortical Commands into a
... identify the parameters coded in different motor sites, the relationships between the temporal profile of neuronal responses and the dynamics of motor behavior remain poorly understood in particular because motor parameters such as force and movement direction often change over time. We studied time ...
... identify the parameters coded in different motor sites, the relationships between the temporal profile of neuronal responses and the dynamics of motor behavior remain poorly understood in particular because motor parameters such as force and movement direction often change over time. We studied time ...
c-Jun Expression in Adult Rat Dorsal Root
... axotomy. For example, the differences in the CNS and PNS targets will determine which soluble factors are retrogradely transported to the cell body (3, 66). Retrograde transport of trophic factors from target neurons or glia is necessary to support survival and maintain normal metabolism of PNS neur ...
... axotomy. For example, the differences in the CNS and PNS targets will determine which soluble factors are retrogradely transported to the cell body (3, 66). Retrograde transport of trophic factors from target neurons or glia is necessary to support survival and maintain normal metabolism of PNS neur ...
Categorical perception of somesthetic stimuli: psychophysical
... detection theory (Green and Sweets, 1966), to determine whether they encode the categorization process. The results indicate that this is true. In addition, we observe that most of these categorical neurons are not associated with the motor responses used by the animal to indicate categorization. Fi ...
... detection theory (Green and Sweets, 1966), to determine whether they encode the categorization process. The results indicate that this is true. In addition, we observe that most of these categorical neurons are not associated with the motor responses used by the animal to indicate categorization. Fi ...
Co-activation of VTA DA and GABA neurons mediates nicotine
... Tobacco abuse is the worldwide leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. According to the World Health Organization, more than five million smokers die every year from the consequences.1 Dissecting the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of this disorder has recently made important prog ...
... Tobacco abuse is the worldwide leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. According to the World Health Organization, more than five million smokers die every year from the consequences.1 Dissecting the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of this disorder has recently made important prog ...
CNS*2004 July 18-22, 2004 Baltimore, Maryland
... POSTER SESSION 169 (S49) 170 (S50) 171 (S51) 172 (S52) 173 (S53) 174 (S54) 175 (S55) ...
... POSTER SESSION 169 (S49) 170 (S50) 171 (S51) 172 (S52) 173 (S53) 174 (S54) 175 (S55) ...
Efficient Recruitment of Layer 2/3 Interneurons by Layer 4 Input in
... Interneurons in layers 2/3 are excited by pyramidal cells within the same layer (Reyes et al., 1998; Gupta et al., 2000), but little is known about translaminar innervation of these interneurons by spiny neurons in the main cortical input layer 4 (L4). Here, we investigated (1) how efficiently L4 sp ...
... Interneurons in layers 2/3 are excited by pyramidal cells within the same layer (Reyes et al., 1998; Gupta et al., 2000), but little is known about translaminar innervation of these interneurons by spiny neurons in the main cortical input layer 4 (L4). Here, we investigated (1) how efficiently L4 sp ...
UNRAVELING THE SENSE OF SMELL
... molecules. However, they have diverse structures and somehow those different structures are perceived as having different odors (Figure 1). The sense of smell is mediated by the olfactory system, a system that is characterized by exquisite sensitivity and discriminatory power. Even a slight change i ...
... molecules. However, they have diverse structures and somehow those different structures are perceived as having different odors (Figure 1). The sense of smell is mediated by the olfactory system, a system that is characterized by exquisite sensitivity and discriminatory power. Even a slight change i ...
Sleep and metabolism: Role of hypothalamic
... occurs through the activation of wake-promoting neurons, which, in turn, inhibits sleep-promoting circuits encompassing GABAergic and glycinergic cells in the ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) area of the anterior hypothalamus as well as GABAergic cells in the median preoptic area.2–4 These subcorticall ...
... occurs through the activation of wake-promoting neurons, which, in turn, inhibits sleep-promoting circuits encompassing GABAergic and glycinergic cells in the ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) area of the anterior hypothalamus as well as GABAergic cells in the median preoptic area.2–4 These subcorticall ...
Behavioral dopamine signals
... In general terms, prediction errors might contribute to the self-organization of behavior. Brain mechanisms establish predictions, compare current inputs with predictions from previous experience and emit a prediction-error signal if a mismatch is detected. The error signal might function as an impu ...
... In general terms, prediction errors might contribute to the self-organization of behavior. Brain mechanisms establish predictions, compare current inputs with predictions from previous experience and emit a prediction-error signal if a mismatch is detected. The error signal might function as an impu ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A2A_receptor_bilayer.png?width=300)
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.