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the feeling of great pleasure
the feeling of great pleasure

... The feeling of happiness ranges from the least pleasure to the greatest one, which can be expressed by different linguistics items in the English language. Each linguistic item has its subtle nuance of meaning in terms of grammar and semantics. In this article, we are to discuss the grammatical feat ...
Producing Biographical Summaries: Combining
Producing Biographical Summaries: Combining

... Each document in the collection to be summarized is processed by a sentence tokenizer, the Alembic part-of-speech tagger (Aberdeen et al. 1995), the Nametag named entity tagger (Krupka 1995) restricted to people names, and the CASS parser (Abney 1996). The tagged sentences are further analyzed by a ...
1 THE MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL
1 THE MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL

... It goes without saying that every special lexicology is based on the principles of general lexicology and the latter forms a part of general linguistics. The evolution of any vocabulary, as well as of its single elements, forms the object of Historical Lexicology. This branch of linguistics discusse ...
A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE SYNONYMOUS AND
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... terms of syntactic and semantic patterns and to identify the strategies ...
Using Corpus Query Language - Cambridge University Press
Using Corpus Query Language - Cambridge University Press

... While using CQL allows you to perform very powerful searches, it should be used with care when searching in the Cambridge Learner Corpus. The POS tagger used on the CLC can make some errors in its application of these tags due to the nature of the language used in the exam scripts. For this reason, ...
linguistic features of pun, its typology and classification
linguistic features of pun, its typology and classification

... created by means of ambiguous “elements”, such as lexical, grammatical or syntactic ones. The lexical ambiguity of a word or phrase pertains to its having more than one meaning in the language to which the word belongs. Semantic ambiguity happens when a sentence contains an ambiguous word or phrase ...
The Translation of Indonesian Reduplication into English
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... thus the translation should be using plural noun, i.e., „actions‟. The word ‘measures‟ is also acceptable since it has similar meaning with actions. The table shows that 90% of the students couldcorrectly translate this phrase, whereas the error occured mostly because it was not pluralized into „act ...
Giving Voice to Poetry
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... paragraph by itself; that is, a new paragraph begins with each change of speaker. The application of this rule, when dialogue and narrative are combined, is best learned from examples in wellprinted works of fiction. ...
Intonation - UCLA Linguistics
Intonation - UCLA Linguistics

... the intonational groupings within a sentence and the types of pitch movement permitted within a word in the language. For instance, in English, the stressed syllable of a word can be realized with several different pitch patterns (e.g. high, mid, low, rising), and the edge of an intonational groupin ...
OpenLogos machine translation: philosophy, model, resources and
OpenLogos machine translation: philosophy, model, resources and

... turn leads to the classic dilemma: (i) increase the rulebase and you increase complexity issues; (ii) decrease the rulebase and you weaken disambiguation. In effect, efforts to deal with either one of these problems tends to exacerbate the other. Another of the more intractable problems for a rule-b ...
F-LOB/Frown manual
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... one. It was therefore feasible to derive a reliable C8 version without retagging it from scratch. The conversion was done at Lancaster in two stages: (i) a perl script was written to map the original tags in the corpus into the C7 tagset, then (ii) the new grammatical distinctions listed in the C8 t ...
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... any kind cause the information to become suspect. The writer of the material to be printed should be able to present the information in such a way that concerns over its form and accuracy do not arise. If this happens, the material won't need much attention and will float through the copyto-print pr ...
Egenéto he basileia tou kosmou tou kyríou hêmon kai tou
Egenéto he basileia tou kosmou tou kyríou hêmon kai tou

... *vettando); the version above simply has *vetto. For such a derivation from an A-stem verb, compare Tolkien’s word anto “giver” vs. the verb anta- “give” (LR:348 s.v. ANA1; not to be confused with anto “mouth”, a word used in the text above). As noted above, one reason why I decided to translate a h ...
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... світогляд conception of a person's world/world outlook/one's creed. A great number of such and the like stylistically neutral words are given in any bilingual English-Ukrainian dictionary and never present any difficulty for the translator to check up their meaning. 2. A separate group of lexical un ...
Multilingual Lexical Representation
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... language (SL) sentence. Different approaches to can be characterised according to what sort of crosslinguistic constraints are imposed, in addition to the monolingual constraints. The archetypal use of an interlingua corresponds to the situation where the structure produced by the parse of the SL se ...
Emily Dickinson: Master of Literary Form
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... decisions based on the specific definitions behind each word. Since Dickinson omits certain key words in her poems, she must pay attention to the words that she uses in order for readers to understand what she is writing about without using the actual word. While Dickinson wrote her poetry, or even ...
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language-and-literacy-levels-across-the-australian-curriculum
language-and-literacy-levels-across-the-australian-curriculum

... less dependence on nonverbal elements in context and demonstrates understanding of simple written and/or visual commands such as signs in public places: No running; or in the classroom, indicating instructions for routine activities: Cut, Write your ...
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What`s in a Word?

... this correlation of lexeme to word-form is by no means 1:1. For instance, the word-form stores can represent different inflections of two lexemes, the noun STORE (two grocery stores) or the verb STORE (he stores food). More will be said about this overlap below. Because lexemes are abstract and incl ...
Technical Report TQA Annotation 27-05-2013
Technical Report TQA Annotation 27-05-2013

... In a first step, annotators only receive the target text and they have to annotate the text for acceptability. By only giving them the target text, they can’t be influenced by the source text in their acceptability assessment and they can also judge the general coherence of the text. In the second s ...
TALC-Sef a Manually-revised POS
TALC-Sef a Manually-revised POS

... (Runs 1 to 4), BTagger performed consistently higher than the other taggers, with an average 94.17% precision. TreeTagger scored consistently below both other taggers, with an average 92.15% precision, whereas TnT's performance lies in-between those two extremes. It is worth noting that all taggers ...
An Analysis of the Suffixes –Er and –Zi in Mandarin
An Analysis of the Suffixes –Er and –Zi in Mandarin

... following development of the two suffixes did not go at a similar pace, nor along the same path. While –zi already had many usages as early as the Song dynasty, the suffix –er reached a high level of versatility later in the Yuan period. Both suffixes started out as noun markers, but received additi ...
Worksheets - National Alzheimer`s Coordinating Center
Worksheets - National Alzheimer`s Coordinating Center

... to record which picture the subject points to throughout the experiment. Circle the number that corresponds to the location to which the subject pointed. The location of the correct answer (the matching picture) is indicated by the number that is in bold. If the subject would like to hear the audito ...
Sanskrit signs and P¯an.inian scripts - Gallium
Sanskrit signs and P¯an.inian scripts - Gallium

... verbs. For instance, participles, which have a definite uniform semantic character, that can be made explicit with a systematic paraphrase. But this also applies to most kr.t suffixes. A primary derivative mark (kr.t) is not just a notation for a suffix formed with phonetic material interspersed wit ...
Metonymy Interpretation Using X NO Y Examples
Metonymy Interpretation Using X NO Y Examples

... This paper describes a new Japanese metonymy interpretation method using the examplebased method (Nagao 1984; Murata and Nagao 1997; Murata et al. 1999b; Murata et al. 1999a). Metonymy is a metaphorical expression in which the name of something is substituted for another thing associated with the th ...
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Word-sense disambiguation

In computational linguistics, word-sense disambiguation (WSD) is an open problem of natural language processing and ontology. WSD is identifying which sense of a word (i.e. meaning) is used in a sentence, when the word has multiple meanings. The solution to this problem impacts other computer-related writing, such as discourse, improving relevance of search engines, anaphora resolution, coherence, inference et cetera.The human brain is quite proficient at word-sense disambiguation. The fact that natural language is formed in a way that requires so much of it is a reflection of that neurologic reality. In other words, human language developed in a way that reflects (and also has helped to shape) the innate ability provided by the brain's neural networks. In computer science and the information technology that it enables, it has been a long-term challenge to develop the ability in computers to do natural language processing and machine learning.To date, a rich variety of techniques have been researched, from dictionary-based methods that use the knowledge encoded in lexical resources, to supervised machine learning methods in which a classifier is trained for each distinct word on a corpus of manually sense-annotated examples, to completely unsupervised methods that cluster occurrences of words, thereby inducing word senses. Among these, supervised learning approaches have been the most successful algorithms to date.Current accuracy is difficult to state without a host of caveats. In English, accuracy at the coarse-grained (homograph) level is routinely above 90%, with some methods on particular homographs achieving over 96%. On finer-grained sense distinctions, top accuracies from 59.1% to 69.0% have been reported in recent evaluation exercises (SemEval-2007, Senseval-2), where the baseline accuracy of the simplest possible algorithm of always choosing the most frequent sense was 51.4% and 57%, respectively.
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