Neural Mapping of Direction and Frequency in
... afferents: those innervating the longest hairs on the cercus (.500 mm in length) and those innervating medium-length hairs (900 –500 mm in length). We have constructed a three-dimensional model of this system, in the form of a probabilistic atlas, by combining three key morphological and f unctional ...
... afferents: those innervating the longest hairs on the cercus (.500 mm in length) and those innervating medium-length hairs (900 –500 mm in length). We have constructed a three-dimensional model of this system, in the form of a probabilistic atlas, by combining three key morphological and f unctional ...
Response Suppression in V1 Agrees with Psychophysics of
... resulting time series were averaged across the gray matter that corresponded to the V1 (likewise V2 or V3) representation of the target annulus (see below for how we defined these gray matter regions). We then fit a sine wave to the mean time series, the frequency of which was determined by the bloc ...
... resulting time series were averaged across the gray matter that corresponded to the V1 (likewise V2 or V3) representation of the target annulus (see below for how we defined these gray matter regions). We then fit a sine wave to the mean time series, the frequency of which was determined by the bloc ...
The what, where and how of auditory
... might contribute to computations that involve target selection, the online computational processing of dynamic auditory information, audiomotor processing and other computations that involve organization of the auditory scene (see REFS 42,43,51–54 for reviews of hierarchical processing of speech in ...
... might contribute to computations that involve target selection, the online computational processing of dynamic auditory information, audiomotor processing and other computations that involve organization of the auditory scene (see REFS 42,43,51–54 for reviews of hierarchical processing of speech in ...
Chadha_umd_0117E_15128 - DRUM
... to stay aloft. Thrust is generated by accelerating the air under the wings backwards, and lift is generated by pushing the air downwards. Whereas the magnitude of these forces can be crudely approximated using elementary physical principles, flapping flight offers tremendous challenges relative to f ...
... to stay aloft. Thrust is generated by accelerating the air under the wings backwards, and lift is generated by pushing the air downwards. Whereas the magnitude of these forces can be crudely approximated using elementary physical principles, flapping flight offers tremendous challenges relative to f ...
This article was originally published in the
... read the word and the instructed task of naming the color in which the word is printed (Figure 2(a)). When the word and the color are incongruent, these two responses conflict with each other. Conflict signals may trigger an executive control function that initiates increased effort to improve perfo ...
... read the word and the instructed task of naming the color in which the word is printed (Figure 2(a)). When the word and the color are incongruent, these two responses conflict with each other. Conflict signals may trigger an executive control function that initiates increased effort to improve perfo ...
Disentangling pleasure from incentive salience and
... to reach a peak within 200 ms of each CS+ tone onset. The peak firing duration was 200–300 ms, at which point firing either rapidly returned to baseline levels (34/52; 65%) or remained slightly elevated above baseline for the duration of the tone cues (18/52; 35%) (examples shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. S1 ...
... to reach a peak within 200 ms of each CS+ tone onset. The peak firing duration was 200–300 ms, at which point firing either rapidly returned to baseline levels (34/52; 65%) or remained slightly elevated above baseline for the duration of the tone cues (18/52; 35%) (examples shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. S1 ...
The Structure of Pairwise Correlation in Mouse Primary Visual
... © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: [email protected] ...
... © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: [email protected] ...
Effect of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation on propofol
... effect like traditional manual acupuncture. The combination of TAES and anesthesia has been proved valid in enhancing the anesthetic effects but its mechanisms are still not clear. Methods: In this study, we investigated the effect of TAES on anesthesia with an electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillation ...
... effect like traditional manual acupuncture. The combination of TAES and anesthesia has been proved valid in enhancing the anesthetic effects but its mechanisms are still not clear. Methods: In this study, we investigated the effect of TAES on anesthesia with an electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillation ...
theta oscillation in the hippocampus
... stable intracellular recordings were obtained, evoked and passive physiological properties of the cell were determined. Only neurons with a resting potential more negative than 255 mV were included in this study. Since the ‘‘resting’’ membrane potential fluctuates in vivo, we used the amplifier’s (A ...
... stable intracellular recordings were obtained, evoked and passive physiological properties of the cell were determined. Only neurons with a resting potential more negative than 255 mV were included in this study. Since the ‘‘resting’’ membrane potential fluctuates in vivo, we used the amplifier’s (A ...
Reticular Formation
... Simultaneously recorded surface EEG, EEG 1.2 mm into the cortex in a lightly anesthetized cat. Stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) at 300 Hz at the bar produced an alerting response. (Reproduced, with permission, from Steriade M, Amzica F, Contreras D: Synchronization of fast (30– ...
... Simultaneously recorded surface EEG, EEG 1.2 mm into the cortex in a lightly anesthetized cat. Stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) at 300 Hz at the bar produced an alerting response. (Reproduced, with permission, from Steriade M, Amzica F, Contreras D: Synchronization of fast (30– ...
Resonance Effect for Neural Spike Time Reliability
... q For periodic inputs, I(t) Å m(1 / m sin(2p ft / f )) / snj(t) Dt where m is equal to the mean of the current, m is the fractional modulation amplitude, f is the frequency, f is the phase, and j(t) is the Gaussian distributed white noise with zero mean and unit variance. sn is a constant that scale ...
... q For periodic inputs, I(t) Å m(1 / m sin(2p ft / f )) / snj(t) Dt where m is equal to the mean of the current, m is the fractional modulation amplitude, f is the frequency, f is the phase, and j(t) is the Gaussian distributed white noise with zero mean and unit variance. sn is a constant that scale ...
L - Oxford Academic
... ultrastructural characteristics. Some motor axons possess both facilitating and nonfacilitating synapses. The proportion of the different types of synapse associated with a motor axon probably determines in large measure the properties of the postsynaptic potentials evoked by that axon. Pre-synaptic ...
... ultrastructural characteristics. Some motor axons possess both facilitating and nonfacilitating synapses. The proportion of the different types of synapse associated with a motor axon probably determines in large measure the properties of the postsynaptic potentials evoked by that axon. Pre-synaptic ...
2 m – 32. Autonomous part of the peripheral nervous system
... Treat morphological differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. Identify and demonstrate on the preparations of the brain central parasympathetic division of the ANS. Demonstrate on the body and white sympathetic trunk connecting thread. To determine ...
... Treat morphological differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. Identify and demonstrate on the preparations of the brain central parasympathetic division of the ANS. Demonstrate on the body and white sympathetic trunk connecting thread. To determine ...
The Time Course and Amplitude of EPSPs Evoked at Synapses
... synapses cannot be obtained from this technique, nor can details of convergence of CA3 pyramidal neurons onto single CA1 neurons or of divergence of CA3 neurons into the CA1 field. A knowledge of the amplitudes and time courses of EPSPs evoked at connections formed between single CA3 and CA1 neurons ...
... synapses cannot be obtained from this technique, nor can details of convergence of CA3 pyramidal neurons onto single CA1 neurons or of divergence of CA3 neurons into the CA1 field. A knowledge of the amplitudes and time courses of EPSPs evoked at connections formed between single CA3 and CA1 neurons ...
UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA Department of Electrical Engineering
... mathematical background to model some biomedical problems; on the other side, engineers do not have enough medical background to understand data or sufficient practise to interact with a patient’s body for experiments. For years there has been close collaboration between physi ...
... mathematical background to model some biomedical problems; on the other side, engineers do not have enough medical background to understand data or sufficient practise to interact with a patient’s body for experiments. For years there has been close collaboration between physi ...
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors evoke distinct responses in
... Figure 3. (Opposite.) Recording site locations and response profiles of neurons. (a) Dorsal (top) and isometric (bottom) views of 356 colour-coded spheres indicating the responses and stereotaxic coordinates of neurons tested with sequential stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Neur ...
... Figure 3. (Opposite.) Recording site locations and response profiles of neurons. (a) Dorsal (top) and isometric (bottom) views of 356 colour-coded spheres indicating the responses and stereotaxic coordinates of neurons tested with sequential stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Neur ...
Beyond dreams: do sleep-related movements
... a source of indirect stimulation of the forebrain. But to provide a more prominent place for twitching within the ontogenetic hypothesis and its central theme of activity-dependent brain development, we must demonstrate that sensory feedback arising from twitching limbs actually modifies brain activ ...
... a source of indirect stimulation of the forebrain. But to provide a more prominent place for twitching within the ontogenetic hypothesis and its central theme of activity-dependent brain development, we must demonstrate that sensory feedback arising from twitching limbs actually modifies brain activ ...
stimulus conditions area MT of the macaque monkey under matched
... where rp is the predicted response, m is the baseline offset, a defines the response amplitude, b determines the tuning width, pref is the location of the peak of the tuning curve, and is the direction of the test stimulus (spanning either 180 or 360 deg). Fits were determined by maximizing the l ...
... where rp is the predicted response, m is the baseline offset, a defines the response amplitude, b determines the tuning width, pref is the location of the peak of the tuning curve, and is the direction of the test stimulus (spanning either 180 or 360 deg). Fits were determined by maximizing the l ...
Form representation in monkey inferotemporal cortex is virtually
... analyses have been averaged (∼4300 trials in each task condition, monkey 1; ∼2900, monkey 2). Before target onset, the gaze behavior is different in the controlled and free viewing conditions, but is similar in the two animals because of the task design (Methods). Center, same as left except that th ...
... analyses have been averaged (∼4300 trials in each task condition, monkey 1; ∼2900, monkey 2). Before target onset, the gaze behavior is different in the controlled and free viewing conditions, but is similar in the two animals because of the task design (Methods). Center, same as left except that th ...
optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor
... are ignored. Optimal state estimation is created by combining feedback signals and efferent copy of motor commands. The latter uses a forward internal model to convert motor commands to state variables. A key feature of optimal feedback control can be understood by considering a problem where a syst ...
... are ignored. Optimal state estimation is created by combining feedback signals and efferent copy of motor commands. The latter uses a forward internal model to convert motor commands to state variables. A key feature of optimal feedback control can be understood by considering a problem where a syst ...
Why do octaves sound the same?
... Biologically relevant sounds are often produced by the periodic vibration of a membrane and air column such as our vocal cord and tract (or that of our predator, pet, or prey). This method of creating noise produces vibrations not only with the fundamental frequency of the membrane, but also with hi ...
... Biologically relevant sounds are often produced by the periodic vibration of a membrane and air column such as our vocal cord and tract (or that of our predator, pet, or prey). This method of creating noise produces vibrations not only with the fundamental frequency of the membrane, but also with hi ...
Neural Encoding I: Firing Rates and Spike Statistics
... Neurons are remarkable among the cells of the body in their ability to propagate signals rapidly over large distances. They do this by generating characteristic electrical pulses called action potentials, or more simply spikes, that can travel down nerve fibers. Neurons represent and transmit inform ...
... Neurons are remarkable among the cells of the body in their ability to propagate signals rapidly over large distances. They do this by generating characteristic electrical pulses called action potentials, or more simply spikes, that can travel down nerve fibers. Neurons represent and transmit inform ...
Rhythms for Cognition: Communication through
... at the two recording sites was determined, and trials were sorted accordingly into phase-relation bins. Across all trials within a phase-relation bin, effective connectivity was then determined. This showed that effective connectivity depends on the phase relation. Effective connectivity is maximal ...
... at the two recording sites was determined, and trials were sorted accordingly into phase-relation bins. Across all trials within a phase-relation bin, effective connectivity was then determined. This showed that effective connectivity depends on the phase relation. Effective connectivity is maximal ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... These weights define a suppressive field. The suppressive field may differ across neurons (hence the subscript j). For example, neurons in primary visual cortex whose summation fields are centred on different spatial locations would have suppressive fields that are centred at corresponding locations ...
... These weights define a suppressive field. The suppressive field may differ across neurons (hence the subscript j). For example, neurons in primary visual cortex whose summation fields are centred on different spatial locations would have suppressive fields that are centred at corresponding locations ...
Nervous System Module - Year 2 Semester 1 Number of Credit – 8
... 2. List the errors of refraction, describe how they occur and explain the basis of correcting each of them. 3.Explain the term accommodation as applied to the eye. 4. Explain the basis of the accommodation-convergence reflex and pupillary light reflex. 5. Explain the principles underlying visual acu ...
... 2. List the errors of refraction, describe how they occur and explain the basis of correcting each of them. 3.Explain the term accommodation as applied to the eye. 4. Explain the basis of the accommodation-convergence reflex and pupillary light reflex. 5. Explain the principles underlying visual acu ...