Time-Dependent Activation of Feed-Forward Inhibition in
... Experiments were done on adult locusts (mostly female) taken from the laboratory colony 3– 4 wk after their final molt. Animals were mounted dorsal side up on a custom-designed polycarbonate holder that allowed us to reproducibly align the stimulated eye with the stimulation apparatus. For extracell ...
... Experiments were done on adult locusts (mostly female) taken from the laboratory colony 3– 4 wk after their final molt. Animals were mounted dorsal side up on a custom-designed polycarbonate holder that allowed us to reproducibly align the stimulated eye with the stimulation apparatus. For extracell ...
S-potentials precede and drive nearly all LGN spikes in a burst.
... nucleus (LGN) is often categorized into two modes: burst and tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occu ...
... nucleus (LGN) is often categorized into two modes: burst and tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occu ...
Lights, Camembert, Action! - Human Reward and Decision Making lab
... and central parts of OFC were engaged during expectation of reward, whereas only medial OFC was engaged following receipt of a rewarding outcome and avoidance of an aversive one. These findings suggest that a clear dissociation between responses may only be present in relation to the receipt but not ...
... and central parts of OFC were engaged during expectation of reward, whereas only medial OFC was engaged following receipt of a rewarding outcome and avoidance of an aversive one. These findings suggest that a clear dissociation between responses may only be present in relation to the receipt but not ...
Newborn infants` auditory system is sensitive to Western music
... 1999; Leppänen et al., 2004). In a recent review paper, Trainor (2012) points out that due to the layer-specific pattern of cortical maturation during infancy, more positive ERP components are expected than later on. In this study, to avoid confusion, changerelated enhancements in ERPs, whether posi ...
... 1999; Leppänen et al., 2004). In a recent review paper, Trainor (2012) points out that due to the layer-specific pattern of cortical maturation during infancy, more positive ERP components are expected than later on. In this study, to avoid confusion, changerelated enhancements in ERPs, whether posi ...
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... as described previously [80]. Randomly selected sounds from either group were compared for their acoustic characteristics (amplitude and spectral power) at each time point with unpaired t-tests. This iteration was repeated until two lists of sounds were identified with less than 1% of significantly ...
... as described previously [80]. Randomly selected sounds from either group were compared for their acoustic characteristics (amplitude and spectral power) at each time point with unpaired t-tests. This iteration was repeated until two lists of sounds were identified with less than 1% of significantly ...
TINNITUS WHAT DO WE KNOW AND WHAT DO WE NOT KNOW
... with severed hearing nerve The anatomical location of the pathology is often the brain ...
... with severed hearing nerve The anatomical location of the pathology is often the brain ...
mGluR-dependent persistent firing in entorhinal cortex layer III neurons SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS Motoharu Yoshida,
... 20; MgCl, 2; phosphocreatine-diTris, 7; Na2ATP, 4; and TrisGTP, 0.3 (pH adjusted to 7.3 with KOH). The intracellular solution also contained 0.1% biocytin for the purpose of labeling. When filled with this solution, the patch pipettes had a resistance of 3–5 MW. Slices were visualized with an upright ...
... 20; MgCl, 2; phosphocreatine-diTris, 7; Na2ATP, 4; and TrisGTP, 0.3 (pH adjusted to 7.3 with KOH). The intracellular solution also contained 0.1% biocytin for the purpose of labeling. When filled with this solution, the patch pipettes had a resistance of 3–5 MW. Slices were visualized with an upright ...
audition - Neuroanatomy
... Sound pressure at the threshold of hearing, which means sounds that are just barely detectable by a normal listener under optimal conditions, is designated as 0 dB sound pressure level, or 0 dB SPL. The accompanying chart shows on a dB scale the approximate sound pressure levels of events in our eve ...
... Sound pressure at the threshold of hearing, which means sounds that are just barely detectable by a normal listener under optimal conditions, is designated as 0 dB sound pressure level, or 0 dB SPL. The accompanying chart shows on a dB scale the approximate sound pressure levels of events in our eve ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... under the guidance of various molecular cues. Once growing axons arrived at their target area they begin to form relatively crude functional connections. These initial connections undergo substantial synaptic rearrangements during development, which result in precise, mature neuronal circuitry. In m ...
... under the guidance of various molecular cues. Once growing axons arrived at their target area they begin to form relatively crude functional connections. These initial connections undergo substantial synaptic rearrangements during development, which result in precise, mature neuronal circuitry. In m ...
New Treatment Approaches in Tinnitus: The Place of Repetitive
... thophysiology can be treated or alleviated by these modulation treatments. In spite of the fact that it has been shown in studies that the effectiveness of TMS on tinnitus depends on the stimulation frequency applied and the auditory cortex hyperactivity, the mechanism of rTMS in tinnitus is not kno ...
... thophysiology can be treated or alleviated by these modulation treatments. In spite of the fact that it has been shown in studies that the effectiveness of TMS on tinnitus depends on the stimulation frequency applied and the auditory cortex hyperactivity, the mechanism of rTMS in tinnitus is not kno ...
Visual detection deficits following inactivation of the superior colliculus in the cat
... et al., 1982; Overton & Dean, 1988; Lomber et al., 2001). Unfortunately, the interpretation of these studies is limited because of one or more of the following considerations: (1) Most of these experiments used permanent ablation of the SC rather than reversible inactivation. SC ablation initially p ...
... et al., 1982; Overton & Dean, 1988; Lomber et al., 2001). Unfortunately, the interpretation of these studies is limited because of one or more of the following considerations: (1) Most of these experiments used permanent ablation of the SC rather than reversible inactivation. SC ablation initially p ...
Chemosensory Convergence on Primary Olfactory Cortex
... under a condition of relative olfactory compromise. Confirmation of recording sites. After experimental sessions, subjects were deeply anesthetized and perfused through the heart with saline, followed by 10% Formalin. Ten seconds of direct current (5–10 A) were passed through the electrodes from wh ...
... under a condition of relative olfactory compromise. Confirmation of recording sites. After experimental sessions, subjects were deeply anesthetized and perfused through the heart with saline, followed by 10% Formalin. Ten seconds of direct current (5–10 A) were passed through the electrodes from wh ...
Structure of Receptive Fields in Area 3b of Primary Somatosensory
... determines the neuronal response to complex spatial patterns scanned across the skin. Several lines of evidence suggest that the neural signals that underlie the perception of tactile form and texture on the glabrous skin of the primate fingerpad are conveyed initially by the population of slowly ad ...
... determines the neuronal response to complex spatial patterns scanned across the skin. Several lines of evidence suggest that the neural signals that underlie the perception of tactile form and texture on the glabrous skin of the primate fingerpad are conveyed initially by the population of slowly ad ...
Linear visuomotor transformations in midbrain superior colliculus
... targets in darkness obey their own nonlinear main sequence, in which the velocity asymptote is considerably lower than for visually triggered saccades [37]. Second, neurons in the abducens and oculomotor nuclei reach firing rates that are as high as those of the brainstem burst neurons. Yet, models ...
... targets in darkness obey their own nonlinear main sequence, in which the velocity asymptote is considerably lower than for visually triggered saccades [37]. Second, neurons in the abducens and oculomotor nuclei reach firing rates that are as high as those of the brainstem burst neurons. Yet, models ...
Development of Structure and Sensitivity of the Fish Inner Ear
... Studies on the auditory system have provided an unmatched wealth of information related to the evolution and function of sensory systems in vertebrates. The comparative data obtained from different levels of the auditory system, from the peripheral to the central auditory system, is by far the riche ...
... Studies on the auditory system have provided an unmatched wealth of information related to the evolution and function of sensory systems in vertebrates. The comparative data obtained from different levels of the auditory system, from the peripheral to the central auditory system, is by far the riche ...
Dipole Localization - Home
... activity with MRI scans to better pinpoint the location of the activity within the brain, so the biomedical developers use patient's MRI images and EEG signals within a software program that determine the brain activity accurately, this program will confirm the neurosurgeons diagnosis. This book pro ...
... activity with MRI scans to better pinpoint the location of the activity within the brain, so the biomedical developers use patient's MRI images and EEG signals within a software program that determine the brain activity accurately, this program will confirm the neurosurgeons diagnosis. This book pro ...
The Cellular Basis of a Corollary Discharge
... neurons, both with bilateral outputs, the persisting inhibition was most likely due to spikes in CDI_s contralateral partner cell. However, we could not rule out the possibility of parallel inhibitory neurons. To examine whether the CDIs are the only neurons mediating the inhibition of the auditory ...
... neurons, both with bilateral outputs, the persisting inhibition was most likely due to spikes in CDI_s contralateral partner cell. However, we could not rule out the possibility of parallel inhibitory neurons. To examine whether the CDIs are the only neurons mediating the inhibition of the auditory ...
Different adrenal sympathetic preganglionic
... responses in which an SPN action potential occurred for nearly every RVLM stimulus were attained at a mean current of 225 A. Splanchnic SPNs, which would include those with axons in the adrenal nerve, were previously divided into four groups on the basis of the patterns and latencies of their respo ...
... responses in which an SPN action potential occurred for nearly every RVLM stimulus were attained at a mean current of 225 A. Splanchnic SPNs, which would include those with axons in the adrenal nerve, were previously divided into four groups on the basis of the patterns and latencies of their respo ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... as we are constantly bombarded by sounds, we effortlessly extract necessary information, whether surrounded by fellow colleagues at a cocktail party, or hunting for prey (being a barn owl). When rapid changes in air pressure (sounds) hit our ears, sounds are transformed in cochlea into series of act ...
... as we are constantly bombarded by sounds, we effortlessly extract necessary information, whether surrounded by fellow colleagues at a cocktail party, or hunting for prey (being a barn owl). When rapid changes in air pressure (sounds) hit our ears, sounds are transformed in cochlea into series of act ...
Selective amplification of the S
... relation to the RG and Ach responses. We find that this effect generalizes across different stimulus contrasts and spatial stimuli (1-d and 2-d patterns), but is selective for temporal frequency, as it is not found for stimuli at 8 Hz. While the mechanism of this cortical enhancement of BY color vis ...
... relation to the RG and Ach responses. We find that this effect generalizes across different stimulus contrasts and spatial stimuli (1-d and 2-d patterns), but is selective for temporal frequency, as it is not found for stimuli at 8 Hz. While the mechanism of this cortical enhancement of BY color vis ...
Color responses of the human lateral geniculate nucleus: selective
... relation to the RG and Ach responses. We find that this effect generalizes across different stimulus contrasts and spatial stimuli (1-d and 2-d patterns), but is selective for temporal frequency, as it is not found for stimuli at 8 Hz. While the mechanism of this cortical enhancement of BY color vis ...
... relation to the RG and Ach responses. We find that this effect generalizes across different stimulus contrasts and spatial stimuli (1-d and 2-d patterns), but is selective for temporal frequency, as it is not found for stimuli at 8 Hz. While the mechanism of this cortical enhancement of BY color vis ...
the vagus nerve - European Medical Journal
... through α7nAChR macrophages. Deficiency of α7nAChR in bone marrow-derived cells significantly abrogated the vagal anti-inflammatory effect, whereas α7nAChR deficiency in neurons and other cells did not have a significant effect in POI, indicating that the beneficial effect of VNS depends on α7nAChR ...
... through α7nAChR macrophages. Deficiency of α7nAChR in bone marrow-derived cells significantly abrogated the vagal anti-inflammatory effect, whereas α7nAChR deficiency in neurons and other cells did not have a significant effect in POI, indicating that the beneficial effect of VNS depends on α7nAChR ...
Spinal Cord Terminations of the Medial Wall Motor Areas in
... directly to motoneurons, and thereby influence specific aspects of segmental motor control. These results suggest that corticospinal projections from the SMA, CMAd, and CMAv are in many respects similar to those of efferents from M1. Consequently, each of the motor areas on the medial wall has the p ...
... directly to motoneurons, and thereby influence specific aspects of segmental motor control. These results suggest that corticospinal projections from the SMA, CMAd, and CMAv are in many respects similar to those of efferents from M1. Consequently, each of the motor areas on the medial wall has the p ...
ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE CHAINS
... This result is expressed in graphic form in the diagram at the bottom of Fig. 3. The fiber marked f belongs to the posterior longitudinal bundle and is supposed to reach a motoneuron eventually engaged in the response to the F shocks. i.l., i.2., i.3., and i.4. are those few internuncial pathways wh ...
... This result is expressed in graphic form in the diagram at the bottom of Fig. 3. The fiber marked f belongs to the posterior longitudinal bundle and is supposed to reach a motoneuron eventually engaged in the response to the F shocks. i.l., i.2., i.3., and i.4. are those few internuncial pathways wh ...
Pattern adaptation and cross-orientation interactions in the primary
... concern for the overall illumination, and ultimately allows one to see equally well under a wide range of illumination conditions. A different mechanism of visual adaptation makes its first appearance in the primary visual cortex (V1). The responses of V1 neurons—which are selective for visual attri ...
... concern for the overall illumination, and ultimately allows one to see equally well under a wide range of illumination conditions. A different mechanism of visual adaptation makes its first appearance in the primary visual cortex (V1). The responses of V1 neurons—which are selective for visual attri ...