01_MEEG_Origin - University College London
... Source depth, rather than orientation, limits the sensitivity of MEG to electrical activity on the cortical surface. There are thin strips (approximately 2mm wide) of very poor resolvability at the crests of gyri, however these strips are abutted by elements with nominal tangential component yet hig ...
... Source depth, rather than orientation, limits the sensitivity of MEG to electrical activity on the cortical surface. There are thin strips (approximately 2mm wide) of very poor resolvability at the crests of gyri, however these strips are abutted by elements with nominal tangential component yet hig ...
cur op e-print version
... results [14], the new data support the “counter model,” the notion that reinforcement intensity is determined by the total impulse flow induced by the stimulation during a fixed time window [15]. In another matching experiment, Mark and Gallistel [25] confirmed a striking feature of temporal integra ...
... results [14], the new data support the “counter model,” the notion that reinforcement intensity is determined by the total impulse flow induced by the stimulation during a fixed time window [15]. In another matching experiment, Mark and Gallistel [25] confirmed a striking feature of temporal integra ...
lecture 12 - McLoon Lab - University of Minnesota
... Tracts of ascending axons carrying sensory information: • Spinocerebellar tracts carrying proprioception • Dorsal columns carrying proprioception and deep touch (uncrossed) • Spinothalamic tract carrying pain, temperature and light touch (crossed) ...
... Tracts of ascending axons carrying sensory information: • Spinocerebellar tracts carrying proprioception • Dorsal columns carrying proprioception and deep touch (uncrossed) • Spinothalamic tract carrying pain, temperature and light touch (crossed) ...
Sources of the Scalp-Recorded Amplitude
... (AMFR) from a rabbit to a sinusoidally amplitude-modulated tone (modulation frequency = 67 Hz, carrier frequency = 2000 Hz, level = 80 dB SPL) . A, Waveform of the AMFR displayed over 10 cycles ofthe modulation frequency (1000 averages). B, Discrete Fourier transform of the waveform in A yields the ...
... (AMFR) from a rabbit to a sinusoidally amplitude-modulated tone (modulation frequency = 67 Hz, carrier frequency = 2000 Hz, level = 80 dB SPL) . A, Waveform of the AMFR displayed over 10 cycles ofthe modulation frequency (1000 averages). B, Discrete Fourier transform of the waveform in A yields the ...
Representation of Acoustic Communication Signals
... (University of Erlangen, Germany). Each phrase of these songs lasts for 2– 4 sec and consists of many repetitions of a basic pattern, termed “syllable,” separated by short pauses (von Helversen and von Helversen, 1997), as illustrated in Figure 1, A and B. Depending on the individual animal and the ...
... (University of Erlangen, Germany). Each phrase of these songs lasts for 2– 4 sec and consists of many repetitions of a basic pattern, termed “syllable,” separated by short pauses (von Helversen and von Helversen, 1997), as illustrated in Figure 1, A and B. Depending on the individual animal and the ...
Skeletal System
... Although the average number of muscle fibers in a motor unit is 150, a motor unit may contain as many as several hundred fibers or as few as four muscle fibers Muscles that require very fine control, such as the muscles moving the fingers and eyes have few muscle fibers per ...
... Although the average number of muscle fibers in a motor unit is 150, a motor unit may contain as many as several hundred fibers or as few as four muscle fibers Muscles that require very fine control, such as the muscles moving the fingers and eyes have few muscle fibers per ...
The Spinal Nerve
... Motor neurons—Deliver commands to peripheral effectors—1/2 million Interneurons—Interpret, plan, coordinate signals in and out—20 billion ...
... Motor neurons—Deliver commands to peripheral effectors—1/2 million Interneurons—Interpret, plan, coordinate signals in and out—20 billion ...
CHAPTER 12: THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MODULE 12.1
... Neocortex is divided into three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortices, and association areas (continued): o Primary motor cortex – plans and executes movement o Primary sensory cortices – first regions to receive and process sensory input o Association areas integrate different typ ...
... Neocortex is divided into three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortices, and association areas (continued): o Primary motor cortex – plans and executes movement o Primary sensory cortices – first regions to receive and process sensory input o Association areas integrate different typ ...
Learned Movements Elicited by Direct Stimulation of Cerebellar
... were given. After testing for responses to MCP stimulation, the animal was subjected to 100 presentations of the forelimb CS alone, which caused extinction of forelimb-elicited CRs. When MCP stimulation was then applied, no CRs were present. Thus, the responses elicited by MCP stimulation were depen ...
... were given. After testing for responses to MCP stimulation, the animal was subjected to 100 presentations of the forelimb CS alone, which caused extinction of forelimb-elicited CRs. When MCP stimulation was then applied, no CRs were present. Thus, the responses elicited by MCP stimulation were depen ...
Object Shape Differences Reflected by Somatosensory Cortical
... discriminated ellipsoids in the round set, and in the other they discriminated ellipsoids in the oblong set. The subjects were unaware of the ellipsoids being divided into two sets. The subjects discriminated the oblongness of ellipsoids within a set only. Before the PET measurements, the volunteers ...
... discriminated ellipsoids in the round set, and in the other they discriminated ellipsoids in the oblong set. The subjects were unaware of the ellipsoids being divided into two sets. The subjects discriminated the oblongness of ellipsoids within a set only. Before the PET measurements, the volunteers ...
Physiologic Effects of Neuraxial Blockade
... There are no set criteria on how low the blood pressure should be allowed to decline after neuraxial blockade. It largely depends on age and co-existing diseases (i.e. cardiovascular disease, renal dysfunction, etc.). It is not unreasonable to allow a modest decline (<20%) and treat a decline of > 2 ...
... There are no set criteria on how low the blood pressure should be allowed to decline after neuraxial blockade. It largely depends on age and co-existing diseases (i.e. cardiovascular disease, renal dysfunction, etc.). It is not unreasonable to allow a modest decline (<20%) and treat a decline of > 2 ...
The computational and neural basis of voluntary motor control and
... visual shifts to probe voluntary control processes. These studies reveal the surprising sophistication of corrective responses, which are goal-directed and exhibit knowledge of the physical properties of the limb and the environment. These complex feedback processes appear to be generated through tr ...
... visual shifts to probe voluntary control processes. These studies reveal the surprising sophistication of corrective responses, which are goal-directed and exhibit knowledge of the physical properties of the limb and the environment. These complex feedback processes appear to be generated through tr ...
Human medial frontal cortex mediates unconscious inhibition of
... (Jaskowski, in press; Jaskowski and Przekoracka-Krawczyk, 2005; Lleras and Enns, 2006). While this debate is also tangential to our main purpose of simply studying whether SEF and SMA are associated with automatic inhibition (however it is triggered), the debate’s resolution will have interesting im ...
... (Jaskowski, in press; Jaskowski and Przekoracka-Krawczyk, 2005; Lleras and Enns, 2006). While this debate is also tangential to our main purpose of simply studying whether SEF and SMA are associated with automatic inhibition (however it is triggered), the debate’s resolution will have interesting im ...
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat
... Q10 value of 3.5 (Hirano et al. 1986), the latencies correspond to latencies of 0.5– 0.9 ms and the latency change corresponds to a value ⬍0.1 ms, at 37°C, suggesting that the EPSPs are of monosynaptic nature. With increased stimulus strength, the EPSPs always triggered a single action potential in ...
... Q10 value of 3.5 (Hirano et al. 1986), the latencies correspond to latencies of 0.5– 0.9 ms and the latency change corresponds to a value ⬍0.1 ms, at 37°C, suggesting that the EPSPs are of monosynaptic nature. With increased stimulus strength, the EPSPs always triggered a single action potential in ...
Constraints on Somatotopic Organization in the Primary Motor Cortex
... letters and numbers), both drawn by Penfield and colleagues on their standard map of the hemispheric surface based on their intraoperative photograph. To this reproduced sketch, I have added selected details from the transcribed intraoperative notes recording the results of stimulation at each locat ...
... letters and numbers), both drawn by Penfield and colleagues on their standard map of the hemispheric surface based on their intraoperative photograph. To this reproduced sketch, I have added selected details from the transcribed intraoperative notes recording the results of stimulation at each locat ...
Knockdown of the Dyslexia-Associated Gene
... tested) of the first pulse at 4 Hz and averaged across multiunit sites. The variability in this measure, as reported in variance, was compared across KIA− and controls. Single-trial response patterns to each of the isolated speech sounds were compared using a nearest neighbor classifier (Foffani and M ...
... tested) of the first pulse at 4 Hz and averaged across multiunit sites. The variability in this measure, as reported in variance, was compared across KIA− and controls. Single-trial response patterns to each of the isolated speech sounds were compared using a nearest neighbor classifier (Foffani and M ...
EEG - Wayne State University
... i. Abnormal decrement dx of myasthenia gravis e. H-reflex: assesses proximal n (dorsal root/ant horn) i. Decreased reflex + rest of motor responses are normal indicates proximal slowing f. F-wave: assesses proximal n (ant horn only) via retrograde conduction i. Prolonged latency/absent F-wave indica ...
... i. Abnormal decrement dx of myasthenia gravis e. H-reflex: assesses proximal n (dorsal root/ant horn) i. Decreased reflex + rest of motor responses are normal indicates proximal slowing f. F-wave: assesses proximal n (ant horn only) via retrograde conduction i. Prolonged latency/absent F-wave indica ...
Functional Specialization Within the Cat Red Nucleus
... electrical stimulation. Stimulus-triggered averaging has some practical advantages over spike-triggered averaging. One advantage is that the experimental demands are less because single units do not need to be isolated for a prolonged averaging period. A second advantage is that stimulation has a re ...
... electrical stimulation. Stimulus-triggered averaging has some practical advantages over spike-triggered averaging. One advantage is that the experimental demands are less because single units do not need to be isolated for a prolonged averaging period. A second advantage is that stimulation has a re ...
Changes in Monoamine Release in the Ventral Horn and
... and a reduction of muscle tone in the respiratory related musculature occur in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Previous studies have emphasized the role of glycine in generating these changes. Because the activity of norepinephrine- and serotonin-containing neurons is known to decrease in REM sleep, ...
... and a reduction of muscle tone in the respiratory related musculature occur in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Previous studies have emphasized the role of glycine in generating these changes. Because the activity of norepinephrine- and serotonin-containing neurons is known to decrease in REM sleep, ...
Knockdown of the Dyslexia-Associated Gene
... tested) of the first pulse at 4 Hz and averaged across multiunit sites. The variability in this measure, as reported in variance, was compared across KIA− and controls. Single-trial response patterns to each of the isolated speech sounds were compared using a nearest neighbor classifier (Foffani and M ...
... tested) of the first pulse at 4 Hz and averaged across multiunit sites. The variability in this measure, as reported in variance, was compared across KIA− and controls. Single-trial response patterns to each of the isolated speech sounds were compared using a nearest neighbor classifier (Foffani and M ...
Spinal cord and simple reflex arc
... Horizontal cross-section of one spinal cord segment: What surrounds the middle? (cont.) • Peripheral portions of spinal cord are made of white matter – Organized in dorsal, ventral and lateral columns – Bundles/fasciculi of myelinated axons make up the columns. – Tracts are CNS fasciculi with commo ...
... Horizontal cross-section of one spinal cord segment: What surrounds the middle? (cont.) • Peripheral portions of spinal cord are made of white matter – Organized in dorsal, ventral and lateral columns – Bundles/fasciculi of myelinated axons make up the columns. – Tracts are CNS fasciculi with commo ...
Mirror neurons in monkey area F5 do not adapt to the observation of
... These studies have suggested that adaptation in IT may either depend on a decrease of synaptic efficacy of the afferents carrying visual information to temporal lobe neurons8,12 or it might be the result of improved predictions of experienced visual stimuli (that is, a top–down effect), leading to de ...
... These studies have suggested that adaptation in IT may either depend on a decrease of synaptic efficacy of the afferents carrying visual information to temporal lobe neurons8,12 or it might be the result of improved predictions of experienced visual stimuli (that is, a top–down effect), leading to de ...
Lecture VIII. Spinal Cord
... The size of white matter tracts (posterior, lateral and anterior columns) increases as more axons are added on the way TO the brain and decreases as axons end on the way FROM the the brain. September 27, 2010 ...
... The size of white matter tracts (posterior, lateral and anterior columns) increases as more axons are added on the way TO the brain and decreases as axons end on the way FROM the the brain. September 27, 2010 ...
The Spinal Nerve
... Motor neurons—Deliver commands to peripheral effectors—1/2 million Interneurons—Interpret, plan, coordinate signals in and out—20 billion ...
... Motor neurons—Deliver commands to peripheral effectors—1/2 million Interneurons—Interpret, plan, coordinate signals in and out—20 billion ...
Temporal and Spatial Integration in the Rat SI Vibrissa Cortex
... elements that is swept back and forth through the sensory environment during exploratory tactile behavior (62, 68). The follicles of each of the vibrissal hairs are innervated by as many as 200 large myelinated axons whose parent cell bodies are located in the trigeminal ganglion (63; see also Ref. ...
... elements that is swept back and forth through the sensory environment during exploratory tactile behavior (62, 68). The follicles of each of the vibrissal hairs are innervated by as many as 200 large myelinated axons whose parent cell bodies are located in the trigeminal ganglion (63; see also Ref. ...