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When To Use the Subjunctive Mood
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... than one order (actually 8 out of 10 if Yiddish is counted as OV). Only VO languages and Yiddish allow the indefinite object to occur at the end, (17a). This may be derived as the base order (English, Danish, Icelandic, French) or via extraposition (Yiddish). Two ways of deriving the order finite ve ...
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... polysemy and multiple membership across classes. Chapter Two - Semantic Verb Classes It is important to note that although the verbs of a given class may be synonymous with one another, perfect synonymy is not mandatory for the induction of one verb into a class. In fact, it is not unusual for one v ...
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... . . . This allows an item to be an instance of many different types simultaneously” (p. 84). Thus, the addition of semantic features would not only distinguish homophonous verbs, but at the same time would define semantic subtypes of verbs (those that share some of the distinguishing semantic featur ...
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Proto-Indo-European verbs

The verbal system of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) was a complex system, with verbs categorized according to their aspect — stative, imperfective, or perfective. The system utilized multiple grammatical moods and voices, with verbs being conjugated according to person, number and tense. The system of adding affixes to the base form of a verb (its root) allowed modifications so that it could form nouns, verbs, or adjectives. The verbal system is clearly represented in Ancient Greek and Vedic Sanskrit, which closely correspond in nearly all aspects of their verbal systems and are two of the most well-understood of the early daughter languages of Proto-Indo-European. Aside from the addition of affixes, vowels in the word could be modified in a process called ablaut. This is still visible in the Germanic languages (among others)—for example, the vowel in the English verb to sing varies according to the conjugation of the verb: sing, sang, and sung.The system described here is known as the ""Cowgill-Rix"" system and, strictly speaking, applies only to what Don Ringe terms ""Western Indo-European"" (Western IE), i.e. IE excluding Tocharian and especially Anatolian. The system also describes Tocharian fairly well, but encounters significant difficulties when applied to Hittite and the other Anatolian languages. In particular, despite the fact that the Anatolian languages are the earliest-attested IE languages, much of the complexity of the Cowgill-Rix system is absent from them. In addition, contrary to the situation with other languages with relatively simple verbal systems, such as Germanic, there is little or no evidence of the ""missing"" forms having ever existed. Furthermore, many of the forms that do exist have a significantly different meaning from elsewhere. For example, the PIE perfect/stative conjugation shows up simply as a present-tense conjugation known as the ḫi-present, with no clear meaning; on the other hand, the PIE nu-present, which in other languages is a primary verb suffix with no clear meaning, is in Hittite a productive secondary verb suffix that forms causative verbs. (On the other hand, Germanic, among others, has a class of present-tense verbs derived from PIE perfect/stative verbs, and both Germanic and Balto-Slavic have a class of secondary n- verbs with a clear meaning, derived originally from nu- and/or neH- verbs, so it is possible that many of the Anatolian differences are innovations.) It is generally accepted that the Anatolian languages diverged from other IE languages at a point somewhat before the Cowgill-Rix system was fully formed; however, there is no consensus concerning what the inherited system looked like, and which Anatolian differences are innovations vs. archaisms.
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