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Axon Physiology - Physiological Reviews
Axon Physiology - Physiological Reviews

... distally. But, the function of the axon is not purely limited to the conduction of the action potential from the site of initiation near the cell body to the terminal. Recent experimental findings shed new light on the functional and computational capabilities of single axons, suggesting that severa ...
Vertebrate brains and evolutionary connectomics: on the origins of
Vertebrate brains and evolutionary connectomics: on the origins of

... of phylogeny? Are they shared between widely differing species and classes of vertebrates? In what ways have they changed over course of evolution in different species? To varying degrees of precision, these questions have been a recurrent theme among students of the evolution of brains for more tha ...
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Document

... (L-Dopa) or agonists • Movie ...
jneurosci.org - INI Institute of Neuroinformatics
jneurosci.org - INI Institute of Neuroinformatics

... is reached and they can easily be identified. The well established “mean-shift” algorithm is an Figure 2. Summary diagram showing the cluster for all neurons in top view. Cluster outlines are indicated by ellipses (projected iterative procedure that performs these steps 2-ellipsoids), and all cluste ...
Cover page
Cover page

... Increases of Ube3a gene dosage cause autism (maternal isodicentric chromosome 15 [idic15], maternal Ube3a triplication; Smith et al. Sci Transl Med), while maternal Ube3a loss causes Angelman syndrome. In mature neurons, Ube3a is expressed exclusively from the maternal allele; the paternal Ube3a all ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B

... increases the future probability of a behavioral response that has produced a beneficial outcome; a more precise term for this process is ‘positive reinforcement’. In this review, we focus on how the actions of mu opioid (MOP) receptor agonists in the VTA can produce positive reinforcement, a critic ...
Disorders of the Spinal Cord
Disorders of the Spinal Cord

... • the ventral and the dorsal roots join together and form the spinal nerve • spinal nerves get out of the spinal canal through the intervertebral foramina • the end of the spinal cord is under which vertebra (vertebral body)? (L2) • anatomical relationships of spinal cord segments and bony spine: sp ...
Input-driven components of spike-frequency adaptation can be
Input-driven components of spike-frequency adaptation can be

... can now reveal input-driven components, because these need to approach a new equilibrium value after such a switch. This results in transient deflections of the firing rate, which can be observed in electrophysiological recordings of the spiking activity. The careful tuning of the sounds leads to a ...
PAIN CONTROL THEORIES
PAIN CONTROL THEORIES

... Pain Perceptions – based on expectations, past experience, anxiety, suggestions – Affective – one’s emotional factors that can affect pain experience – Behavioral – how one expresses or controls pain – Cognitive – one’s beliefs (attitudes) about pain ...
Integration of Sensory and Reward Information
Integration of Sensory and Reward Information

... to create a payoff-weighted likelihood function [2,21,26]. Furthermore, the effects of payoff information on discrimination accuracy and reaction times are well described by drift diffusion models that postulate a two-stage accumulation process—an initial stage of accumulation about the payoffs foll ...
Fine Gating Properties of Channels Responsible for Persistent
Fine Gating Properties of Channels Responsible for Persistent

... and therefore c(slow) was considered as related to the interburst closing process. The average values of c(fast)2 and c(slow) were such that the duration threshold between intraburst and interburst closing events was set at 10 ms (namely, an interval 6–10 times higher than the slowest c(fast)s ...
Retrograde Signaling in the Development and Modification of
Retrograde Signaling in the Development and Modification of

... regulated by electrical activity (341), suggesting that many activity-dependent retrograde interactions at the synapse may be mediated by neurotrophins. Neurotrophins have thus become prototypic retrograde factors for both longterm and acute actions on presynaptic neurons. In addition to neurotrophi ...
BOOK 1: Nervous system anatomy and function
BOOK 1: Nervous system anatomy and function

... Basic divisions of the nervous system The nervous system coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and also stops input from the senses, and initiates action. The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system. All other components belong to the peripheral n ...
Whole-Brain Serial-Section Electron Microscopy In Larval Zebrafish
Whole-Brain Serial-Section Electron Microscopy In Larval Zebrafish

... handling data for relatively large volumes at nanoscale resolution has thus restricted all studies in vertebrates to neuron fragments, thereby hindering investigations of complete circuits. These efforts were transformed by recent advances in computing, sample handling, and imaging techniques1, but ...
Are cortical spikes conveyed to contralateral
Are cortical spikes conveyed to contralateral

... The CC is a bundle of axons originating from neurons widely distributed but clustered throughout the cortical hemispheres (12). The CC is one of the prominent structures in the brain, and the total number of callosal fibers is estimated at approximately 200 million (13). However, taking into conside ...
Move to the rhythm: oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus–external
Move to the rhythm: oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus–external

... The principal GABAergic input to the STN arises from the GPe and acts at GABAA receptors. In vitro patch recordings of STN neurons, using the perforated configuration to maintain the natural intracellular concentration of Cl− (the principal permeant ion of the GABAA receptor), have revealed that the ...
NSS214 - National Open University of Nigeria
NSS214 - National Open University of Nigeria

... The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. They receive input from sensory neurons, and direct the activity of motor neurons. Association neurons are present to "associate" appropriate motor responses with sensory stimuli. The early embryo contains an embryonic tissue la ...
Reward-Related Neuronal Activity During Go - Research
Reward-Related Neuronal Activity During Go - Research

... Nissen 1937). Orbitofrontal neurons showed smaller activations during the delay periods of spatial and object matching tasks compared with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex but responded to delivery of juice reward at the end of the trial (Niki et al. 1972; Rosenkilde et al. 1981). Orbitofrontal neuron ...
Neuronal-Derived Nitric Oxide and Somatodendritically Released
Neuronal-Derived Nitric Oxide and Somatodendritically Released

... adjusted with NaOH. To continuously monitor the pressure of the perfusion system, the cannula was connected to a pressure transducer (PS/ 200, Living System Instrumentation); luminal flow rate was controlled with a syringe pump (11 PLUS, Harvard Apparatus). At the end of each experiment, 100 !M papa ...
The Development of Neural Synchrony and Large
The Development of Neural Synchrony and Large

... perception of squares and circles in children (10–12 y), young adults (20–26 y), and older adults (70–76 y). Evoked oscillations in children were significantly reduced between 30 and 148 Hz over occipital electrodes relative to adults and did not show a modulation by the size of the stimulus. Moreov ...
Cable and Compartmental Models of Dendritic Trees
Cable and Compartmental Models of Dendritic Trees

... whereas inhibition from stellate cells contacts mainly distal parts of the tree. Note the differences in scales for the different neuron types. ...
During Arm-Reaching and Isometric-Force Tasks
During Arm-Reaching and Isometric-Force Tasks

... activity was most strongly correlated to the direction and velocity of movement but poorly correlated to movement acceleration, which is the kinematic parameter most closely correlated to movement forces through the Newtonian laws of motion. These various findings suggest that the arm movement repre ...
Structural Changes in AMPA-Receptive Neurons in the Nucleus of
Structural Changes in AMPA-Receptive Neurons in the Nucleus of

... normotensive (Wistar-Kyoto) rats at the light microscopic and electron microscopic levels. There were more GluR1-containing dendritic spines in the nucleus of the solitary tract of hypertensive rats compared with normotensive rats, which was attributable to an increase in the proportion of dendritic ...
Identified nerve cells and insect behavior
Identified nerve cells and insect behavior

Kandel ch. 42 - Weizmann Institute of Science
Kandel ch. 42 - Weizmann Institute of Science

... in a highly regular manner as repeating units, each of which is a basic circuit module. Despite its structural regularity the cerebellum is divided into several distinct regions, each of which receives projections from different portions of the brain and spinal cord and projects to different motor s ...
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Nervous system network models

Network of human nervous system comprises nodes (for example, neurons) that are connected by links (for example, synapses). The connectivity may be viewed anatomically, functionally, or electrophysiologically. These are presented in several Wikipedia articles that include Connectionism (a.k.a. Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP)), Biological neural network, Artificial neural network (a.k.a. Neural network), Computational neuroscience, as well as in several books by Ascoli, G. A. (2002), Sterratt, D., Graham, B., Gillies, A., & Willshaw, D. (2011), Gerstner, W., & Kistler, W. (2002), and Rumelhart, J. L., McClelland, J. L., and PDP Research Group (1986) among others. The focus of this article is a comprehensive view of modeling a neural network (technically neuronal network based on neuron model). Once an approach based on the perspective and connectivity is chosen, the models are developed at microscopic (ion and neuron), mesoscopic (functional or population), or macroscopic (system) levels. Computational modeling refers to models that are developed using computing tools.
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