Reticular activating system of a central pattern generator
... point of neural activity for each single neuron, using the nonparametric one-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank test. In these tests, we successively compared two trials treated as matching samples. One was a Control Window (CW) obtained from the basal activity of the neuron (2–2.5 sec). The second window ...
... point of neural activity for each single neuron, using the nonparametric one-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank test. In these tests, we successively compared two trials treated as matching samples. One was a Control Window (CW) obtained from the basal activity of the neuron (2–2.5 sec). The second window ...
Primate Globus Pallidus and Subthalamic Nucleus: Functional
... also determined. In addition to determining neural responsiveness to deep and superticial stimulation of body parts, the responsiveness of each neuron to gross visual stimuli and to eye movements was determined. In one animal, eye movements were monitored by means of implanted electro-oculography (E ...
... also determined. In addition to determining neural responsiveness to deep and superticial stimulation of body parts, the responsiveness of each neuron to gross visual stimuli and to eye movements was determined. In one animal, eye movements were monitored by means of implanted electro-oculography (E ...
Extended PDF
... of the developing neocortex are the progenitors that produce nearly all excitatory neurons (Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla, 2009). Prior to neurogenesis, radial glial progenitors (RGPs) divide symmetrically to amplify the progenitor pool. During the neurogenic phase, RGPs are believed to divide asymm ...
... of the developing neocortex are the progenitors that produce nearly all excitatory neurons (Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla, 2009). Prior to neurogenesis, radial glial progenitors (RGPs) divide symmetrically to amplify the progenitor pool. During the neurogenic phase, RGPs are believed to divide asymm ...
HECTtype E3 ubiquitin ligases in nerve cell development and
... Based on their mode of action, two families of E3 ligases are distinguished, i.e. the Really Interesting New Gene (RING) and the Homologous to E6-AP C-terminus (HECT) type. Whereas RING type enzymes bring the ubiquitin-E2 complex into the molecular vicinity of the substrate and facilitate ubiquitin ...
... Based on their mode of action, two families of E3 ligases are distinguished, i.e. the Really Interesting New Gene (RING) and the Homologous to E6-AP C-terminus (HECT) type. Whereas RING type enzymes bring the ubiquitin-E2 complex into the molecular vicinity of the substrate and facilitate ubiquitin ...
The Ear - Dr Magrann
... 1. OUTER EAR consists of the PINNA and the EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL. The pinna is the cartilage of the ear; it acts as a funnel to capture the sound. If you cup your hands to your ears (do it now), you’ll notice the sound of my voice is louder. If you rolled up a piece of paper like a funnel and put ...
... 1. OUTER EAR consists of the PINNA and the EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL. The pinna is the cartilage of the ear; it acts as a funnel to capture the sound. If you cup your hands to your ears (do it now), you’ll notice the sound of my voice is louder. If you rolled up a piece of paper like a funnel and put ...
4-Taste and smell - Science-with
... Detection of a specific airborne chemicals that stimulates an olfactory cell to produce action potential that is perceived in the olfactory bulb. Olfactory receptor cells are neurons that line the upper portion of the nasal cavity Binding of odorant molecules to receptors triggers a signal tra ...
... Detection of a specific airborne chemicals that stimulates an olfactory cell to produce action potential that is perceived in the olfactory bulb. Olfactory receptor cells are neurons that line the upper portion of the nasal cavity Binding of odorant molecules to receptors triggers a signal tra ...
Chapter 10
... becomes more likely IPSP • inhibitory postsynaptic potential • graded • hyperpolarizes membrane of postsynaptic neuron • action potential of postsynaptic neuron becomes less likely ...
... becomes more likely IPSP • inhibitory postsynaptic potential • graded • hyperpolarizes membrane of postsynaptic neuron • action potential of postsynaptic neuron becomes less likely ...
Guide for Cell Biology
... of food molecules to the flow of energy and the cycling of matter that occur during photosynthesis and cellular respiration in ecosystems. * Drawing conclusions about the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration from data collected on the production/uptake of oxygen and carbon di ...
... of food molecules to the flow of energy and the cycling of matter that occur during photosynthesis and cellular respiration in ecosystems. * Drawing conclusions about the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration from data collected on the production/uptake of oxygen and carbon di ...
Loss of autophagy in the central nervous system causes
... Purkinje cells in the mutant brain (Fig. 2g, h), which was further confirmed by immunolabelling of Purkinje cells with an anticalbindin antibody (Fig. 2i, j). Similar neuronal loss was also recognized in the hippocampal pyramidal cell layer of mutant brain (Supplementary Fig. S2). To determine wheth ...
... Purkinje cells in the mutant brain (Fig. 2g, h), which was further confirmed by immunolabelling of Purkinje cells with an anticalbindin antibody (Fig. 2i, j). Similar neuronal loss was also recognized in the hippocampal pyramidal cell layer of mutant brain (Supplementary Fig. S2). To determine wheth ...
Notch signals and telencephalic fate
... Progenitor, Subventricular Zone, Stem Cell, Neurosphere, Mouse ...
... Progenitor, Subventricular Zone, Stem Cell, Neurosphere, Mouse ...
Marginal chimera state at cross-frequency locking of pulse
... subpopulation are asynchronous and have the same properties). The driving forces acting on two subpopulations are different in the chimera state. The situation considered in Refs. [11] is a setup of globally coupled identical units. It is symmetric with respect to exchange of any two units xk ↔ xj . ...
... subpopulation are asynchronous and have the same properties). The driving forces acting on two subpopulations are different in the chimera state. The situation considered in Refs. [11] is a setup of globally coupled identical units. It is symmetric with respect to exchange of any two units xk ↔ xj . ...
Therapeutic Restoration of Spinal Inhibition via
... (GABAARs) are ligand-gated chloride (Cl−) channels whose effect on membrane potential (Vm) depends on intracellular Cl− concentration ([Cl−]i). When GABAAR channels are opened, the Vm is pulled toward the Cl− equilibrium potential (ECl), which is determined by [Cl−]i and the extracellular Cl− concen ...
... (GABAARs) are ligand-gated chloride (Cl−) channels whose effect on membrane potential (Vm) depends on intracellular Cl− concentration ([Cl−]i). When GABAAR channels are opened, the Vm is pulled toward the Cl− equilibrium potential (ECl), which is determined by [Cl−]i and the extracellular Cl− concen ...
Are Bigger Brains Better?
... orders of magnitude greater than the fruit fly [34]. Crucially, if the added resolution and number of ‘pixels’ is to be of behavioural relevance, it needs to be processed — in other words, the neural machinery downstream of the photoreceptors needs to expand with the number of receptor inputs from t ...
... orders of magnitude greater than the fruit fly [34]. Crucially, if the added resolution and number of ‘pixels’ is to be of behavioural relevance, it needs to be processed — in other words, the neural machinery downstream of the photoreceptors needs to expand with the number of receptor inputs from t ...
Chaos and neural dynamics
... It follows from the above data that indeed the individual dynamics of an LP neuron is chaotic and lowdimensional. To simulate such dynamics, we need only a three-dimensional dynamic system. An adequate mo,~! relating to this e ~ e is the model proposed by Hindmarsh and Rose in 1984 [13] and its vari ...
... It follows from the above data that indeed the individual dynamics of an LP neuron is chaotic and lowdimensional. To simulate such dynamics, we need only a three-dimensional dynamic system. An adequate mo,~! relating to this e ~ e is the model proposed by Hindmarsh and Rose in 1984 [13] and its vari ...
Supplemental Text Box 1 The Neurobiology of Arousal The defense
... become active (e.g., via flight or fight). Temperature increases, and digestive activity, including intestinal peristalsis, stops. Respiration and skeletal muscle tone also both increase. Postural muscles are affected first (to raise the body and stabilize it), followed by limb muscles— although at ...
... become active (e.g., via flight or fight). Temperature increases, and digestive activity, including intestinal peristalsis, stops. Respiration and skeletal muscle tone also both increase. Postural muscles are affected first (to raise the body and stabilize it), followed by limb muscles— although at ...
On the nature of the BOLD fMRI contrast mechanism
... the associational operations taking place at a given site. Moreover, it suffers from an element of bias toward certain cell types (cf. Ref. [26]) and sizes [27]. The size bias, which is partially responsible for the cell-type bias as well, is considerable. For equivalent transmembrane action potenti ...
... the associational operations taking place at a given site. Moreover, it suffers from an element of bias toward certain cell types (cf. Ref. [26]) and sizes [27]. The size bias, which is partially responsible for the cell-type bias as well, is considerable. For equivalent transmembrane action potenti ...
Electron microscopical reconstruction of the anterior sensory
... genetically induced lesions may help to understand how nervous system structure is specified genetically. This paper is the first of a series which will describe the structure of the nervous system of C. elegans. It deals with the anterior sensory nervous system. Although, in volume, this is only a ...
... genetically induced lesions may help to understand how nervous system structure is specified genetically. This paper is the first of a series which will describe the structure of the nervous system of C. elegans. It deals with the anterior sensory nervous system. Although, in volume, this is only a ...
A Biologically Inspired Visuo-Motor Control Model based on a Deflationary
... Moreover, in area F5 a population of neurons was discovered which are “active” (high spike rate) during both the execution of a Goal Oriented action (executed-GO action) and the observation of the same action executed by another individual (observed-GO action). Because of their characteristic activa ...
... Moreover, in area F5 a population of neurons was discovered which are “active” (high spike rate) during both the execution of a Goal Oriented action (executed-GO action) and the observation of the same action executed by another individual (observed-GO action). Because of their characteristic activa ...
What Are Different Brains Made Of?
... as you read this, it makes sense of the ink on the page to form words, and it links these words with concepts in your memory and makes new concepts as you learn. And the brain was also the part of your body that made the decision to read this article in the first place. In different animals, brains ...
... as you read this, it makes sense of the ink on the page to form words, and it links these words with concepts in your memory and makes new concepts as you learn. And the brain was also the part of your body that made the decision to read this article in the first place. In different animals, brains ...
Synaptic and peptidergic connectome of a neurosecretory
... Neurosecretory centres in animal brains use peptidergic signalling to influence physiology and behaviour. Understanding neurosecretory centre function requires mapping cell types, synapses, and peptidergic networks. Here we use electron microscopy and gene expression mapping to analyse the synaptic ...
... Neurosecretory centres in animal brains use peptidergic signalling to influence physiology and behaviour. Understanding neurosecretory centre function requires mapping cell types, synapses, and peptidergic networks. Here we use electron microscopy and gene expression mapping to analyse the synaptic ...
BDNF-modulated Spatial Organization of Cajal
... and most also express calbindin (Calb) during the embryonic and early postnatal period (Anderson et al., 2001; Ang et al., 2003). GABAergic neurons also express reelin, but late in development (Alcantara et al., 1998). Finally, a third population of early-generated ‘pioneer neurons’ has recently be ...
... and most also express calbindin (Calb) during the embryonic and early postnatal period (Anderson et al., 2001; Ang et al., 2003). GABAergic neurons also express reelin, but late in development (Alcantara et al., 1998). Finally, a third population of early-generated ‘pioneer neurons’ has recently be ...
PDF
... behaviors and their mechanisms of central pattern generation. General mechanisms that contribute to central pattern generator function in other animal groups, such as reciprocal inhibition, postinhibitory rebound, multi-component synaptic potentials, delayed excitation, and extrinsic modulation (to ...
... behaviors and their mechanisms of central pattern generation. General mechanisms that contribute to central pattern generator function in other animal groups, such as reciprocal inhibition, postinhibitory rebound, multi-component synaptic potentials, delayed excitation, and extrinsic modulation (to ...
Nervous System PPT notes
... Consensual Pupillary Light Reflex. Label each component with specific organ names. What cranial nerves play a role in this reflex? Identify them by name & Roman Numeral. 3. Explain the protective function of Pupillary Light Reflex & Uvular ...
... Consensual Pupillary Light Reflex. Label each component with specific organ names. What cranial nerves play a role in this reflex? Identify them by name & Roman Numeral. 3. Explain the protective function of Pupillary Light Reflex & Uvular ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.