Response characteristics of neurons in the pulvinar of awake cats to
... Abstract We studied responses of pulvinar neurons in awake cats that were allowed to execute spontaneous eye movements. Extracellular cell activity during saccades, saccade-like image shifts, and various stationary visual stimuli was recorded together with the animals’ eye positions. All neurons ana ...
... Abstract We studied responses of pulvinar neurons in awake cats that were allowed to execute spontaneous eye movements. Extracellular cell activity during saccades, saccade-like image shifts, and various stationary visual stimuli was recorded together with the animals’ eye positions. All neurons ana ...
Nerves and Special Senses
... • Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane • The sodium-potassium pump restores the original configuration – This action requires ATP ...
... • Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane • The sodium-potassium pump restores the original configuration – This action requires ATP ...
Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay Kit
... via the activation of reporter-gene expression. The mammalian two-hybrid reporter plasmid, pFR-Luc (see Figure 5), contains a synthetic promoter with five tandem repeats of the yeast GAL4 binding sites that control expression of the Photinus pyralis (American firefly) luciferase gene. Luciferase rep ...
... via the activation of reporter-gene expression. The mammalian two-hybrid reporter plasmid, pFR-Luc (see Figure 5), contains a synthetic promoter with five tandem repeats of the yeast GAL4 binding sites that control expression of the Photinus pyralis (American firefly) luciferase gene. Luciferase rep ...
Note
... compute quantitatively the information about the stimulus carried by the neural responses. Define information as the reduction in uncertainty about an event, where uncertainty is measured by entropy: ...
... compute quantitatively the information about the stimulus carried by the neural responses. Define information as the reduction in uncertainty about an event, where uncertainty is measured by entropy: ...
Ocular Examination FRONT TO BACK Vitreous/Peripheral Retina
... • Defined: Any full thickness disruption in the sensory retina providing a conduit for fluid to enter the potential space between the sensory retina and RPE • 5-15% of the general population have {peripheral} retinal breaks – Benign atrophic holes ...
... • Defined: Any full thickness disruption in the sensory retina providing a conduit for fluid to enter the potential space between the sensory retina and RPE • 5-15% of the general population have {peripheral} retinal breaks – Benign atrophic holes ...
Modulation of Responses of Feline Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract
... evoked an EPSP that was either above or just below threshold for generating an action potential. If it was subthreshold, the intensity of the stimuli was adjusted according to whether any action potential was induced by the second stimulus. Because the EPSP after the second stimulus was superimposed ...
... evoked an EPSP that was either above or just below threshold for generating an action potential. If it was subthreshold, the intensity of the stimuli was adjusted according to whether any action potential was induced by the second stimulus. Because the EPSP after the second stimulus was superimposed ...
PDF
... region of pyramidal cell’s apical dendrite. Therefore, calretinin neurons provide direct inhibition, although with a low connectivity rate of ∼10% (Caputi et al., 2009), on mid-proximal dendritic domain of pyramidal cell (i.e., proximal parts of apical and basal dendrites). In addition to this spars ...
... region of pyramidal cell’s apical dendrite. Therefore, calretinin neurons provide direct inhibition, although with a low connectivity rate of ∼10% (Caputi et al., 2009), on mid-proximal dendritic domain of pyramidal cell (i.e., proximal parts of apical and basal dendrites). In addition to this spars ...
Dopamine control of pyramidal neuron activity in the primary motor
... neuroanatomical studies have shown the existence of a direct DA innervation from the midbrain to M1 that could directly modulate M1 neuronal activity (Descarries et al., 1987; Gaspar et al., 1991; Raghanti et al., 2008). Indeed, Gaspar et al. (1991) suggested the presence of such an innervation in t ...
... neuroanatomical studies have shown the existence of a direct DA innervation from the midbrain to M1 that could directly modulate M1 neuronal activity (Descarries et al., 1987; Gaspar et al., 1991; Raghanti et al., 2008). Indeed, Gaspar et al. (1991) suggested the presence of such an innervation in t ...
Basal Ganglia
... number of patients has been reported from implants from either the adrenal medulla or fetal dopamine-secreting cells. Recently, it has been demonstrated that some of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease can be reduced or alleviated by stimulating implants placed in the thalamus, subthalamic nucleus o ...
... number of patients has been reported from implants from either the adrenal medulla or fetal dopamine-secreting cells. Recently, it has been demonstrated that some of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease can be reduced or alleviated by stimulating implants placed in the thalamus, subthalamic nucleus o ...
Neurogenesis
... o Leading student of primate brain development o “All neurons of the rhesus monkey brain are generated during prenatal and postnatal life” ...
... o Leading student of primate brain development o “All neurons of the rhesus monkey brain are generated during prenatal and postnatal life” ...
Exploring Artificial Neural Networks to discover Higgs at
... Neural Networks - Introduction • Neural Networks simulate neurons in biological systems • They are made up of neurons connected by synapses • They are able to solve non-linear problems by learning from experience, rather than being explicitly programmed for a particular problem ...
... Neural Networks - Introduction • Neural Networks simulate neurons in biological systems • They are made up of neurons connected by synapses • They are able to solve non-linear problems by learning from experience, rather than being explicitly programmed for a particular problem ...
Preferential Origin and Layer Destination of GAD65
... expressing GAD65-GFP, 37 embryos from embryonic day (E) 14 (n = 9), E15 (n = 9), E16 (n = 10) and E18 (n = 9), and 7 animals at P6 (n = 3) and P21 (n = 4) were used for immunohistochemical analysis. Fetuses at each developmental stage were collected by caesarean section after cervical dislocation of ...
... expressing GAD65-GFP, 37 embryos from embryonic day (E) 14 (n = 9), E15 (n = 9), E16 (n = 10) and E18 (n = 9), and 7 animals at P6 (n = 3) and P21 (n = 4) were used for immunohistochemical analysis. Fetuses at each developmental stage were collected by caesarean section after cervical dislocation of ...
Editorial overview: Neurobiology of cognitive behavior: Complexity
... thus arise from the involvement of both local and distributed networks. The recent ability to simultaneously monitor activity of large groups of neurons has given us an even deeper look at the richness and complexity of neural representations in cognitive tasks. Advances in high-density probe design ...
... thus arise from the involvement of both local and distributed networks. The recent ability to simultaneously monitor activity of large groups of neurons has given us an even deeper look at the richness and complexity of neural representations in cognitive tasks. Advances in high-density probe design ...
Proper migration and axon outgrowth of zebrafish
... branchiomotoneurons. (A,B) Comparison between MDGA2A RNA and protein distribution demonstrates that the MDGA2A antibody highlights identical structures as seen with MDGA2A riboprobes. Neurons and axons of the oculomotor (arrow), the trigeminal (V) and the facial (VII) nerve are clearly MDGA2A positi ...
... branchiomotoneurons. (A,B) Comparison between MDGA2A RNA and protein distribution demonstrates that the MDGA2A antibody highlights identical structures as seen with MDGA2A riboprobes. Neurons and axons of the oculomotor (arrow), the trigeminal (V) and the facial (VII) nerve are clearly MDGA2A positi ...
The Special Senses
... of the mucous membrane of the nose • Olfactory neural chemoreceptors - have specialized cilia which detect the presence of specific chemicals within the air we breath • The neurons connected to the olfactory bulb when stimulated sends a message to the olfactory center of the brain where the smell is ...
... of the mucous membrane of the nose • Olfactory neural chemoreceptors - have specialized cilia which detect the presence of specific chemicals within the air we breath • The neurons connected to the olfactory bulb when stimulated sends a message to the olfactory center of the brain where the smell is ...
Neuronal Signaling
... • Action Potentials are all or none • Action Potentials are initiated by opening of Na+ channels • The threshold of the action potential is the voltage at which inward current through voltage gated Na+ channels out paces outward currents • Action potentials are terminated by inactivation of Na+ chan ...
... • Action Potentials are all or none • Action Potentials are initiated by opening of Na+ channels • The threshold of the action potential is the voltage at which inward current through voltage gated Na+ channels out paces outward currents • Action potentials are terminated by inactivation of Na+ chan ...
Smell and Taste
... of the olf. bulb. Their primary apical dendrite extends into spherical glomerulus (about 25 mitral cells converge to one glomerulus), which accepts axons primary olfactory neurons. Axons of mitral cells make tzv. lateral olfactory tract. These axons give collaterals involved in pos. and neg. feedbac ...
... of the olf. bulb. Their primary apical dendrite extends into spherical glomerulus (about 25 mitral cells converge to one glomerulus), which accepts axons primary olfactory neurons. Axons of mitral cells make tzv. lateral olfactory tract. These axons give collaterals involved in pos. and neg. feedbac ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... presented with a behaviorally relevant stimulus requiring a response. However, the DA system appears to be primarily involved during the acquisition phase of this event, with little or no activation when the animal is overtrained on the task (Schultz). According to Schultz the DA neurons generate an ...
... presented with a behaviorally relevant stimulus requiring a response. However, the DA system appears to be primarily involved during the acquisition phase of this event, with little or no activation when the animal is overtrained on the task (Schultz). According to Schultz the DA neurons generate an ...
smell
... • The odorant substance must be; 1. Volatile in order to be sniffed into the nose 2. Sufficiently water soluble in order to pass through mucous layer 3. Lipid soluble in order to penetrate the cells membrane • Olfactory cells are stimulated when air blasts upwards into the superior region of the n ...
... • The odorant substance must be; 1. Volatile in order to be sniffed into the nose 2. Sufficiently water soluble in order to pass through mucous layer 3. Lipid soluble in order to penetrate the cells membrane • Olfactory cells are stimulated when air blasts upwards into the superior region of the n ...
The Nervous System
... channels or leak channels ( because they are always open) but can change permeability in response to local conditions. • -cell membrane also contain active channels or gated channels, these are ion channels that open or close in response to specific stimuli & can be in one of 3 states: • 1. closed b ...
... channels or leak channels ( because they are always open) but can change permeability in response to local conditions. • -cell membrane also contain active channels or gated channels, these are ion channels that open or close in response to specific stimuli & can be in one of 3 states: • 1. closed b ...
21. Basal ganglion
... It is an degenerative autosomal dominant inherited disease with the onset occurring in adult life. Within the striatum, there is progressive ; particular attrition of the cells that project to the lateral segment of the globus pallidus ( indirect segment ). This leads to disinhibition of the lateral ...
... It is an degenerative autosomal dominant inherited disease with the onset occurring in adult life. Within the striatum, there is progressive ; particular attrition of the cells that project to the lateral segment of the globus pallidus ( indirect segment ). This leads to disinhibition of the lateral ...
Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole`s Human Anatomy and Physiology
... B. Sensory Impulses 1. Sensory receptors can be ends of neuron or other kinds of cells located close to them. 2. Stimulation of sensory receptors causes local changes in their membrane potential, generating a graded electric current that reflects the intensity of stimulation. 3. If a receptor is a n ...
... B. Sensory Impulses 1. Sensory receptors can be ends of neuron or other kinds of cells located close to them. 2. Stimulation of sensory receptors causes local changes in their membrane potential, generating a graded electric current that reflects the intensity of stimulation. 3. If a receptor is a n ...
the brain as a system of aggregation of social, behavioral and
... semantic analysis of the words (local centers from prefrontal, motor, parietal and occipital cortex), increase in size and create a lot of connections. Attitudes that are connected with language and thinking are given rise. The centers of the cortex use feedback to influence the neuro-endocrine cent ...
... semantic analysis of the words (local centers from prefrontal, motor, parietal and occipital cortex), increase in size and create a lot of connections. Attitudes that are connected with language and thinking are given rise. The centers of the cortex use feedback to influence the neuro-endocrine cent ...
Linear Combinations of Optic Flow Vectors for Estimating Self
... Our experiments show that it is indeed possible to obtain useful self-motion estimates from an ensemble of linear model neurons. Although a linear approach necessarily has to ignore the distances of the currently perceived scene, an appropriate choice of local weights and a large field of view are c ...
... Our experiments show that it is indeed possible to obtain useful self-motion estimates from an ensemble of linear model neurons. Although a linear approach necessarily has to ignore the distances of the currently perceived scene, an appropriate choice of local weights and a large field of view are c ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.