Brainstem: neural networks vital for life
... the nervous system from the molecular level to perception, memory and linguistics. Yet in all the 1568 pages, there is not one sentence about how the respiratory rhythm is generated and controlled by the brainstem. The relatively low profile of brainstem studies can be attributed to three main facto ...
... the nervous system from the molecular level to perception, memory and linguistics. Yet in all the 1568 pages, there is not one sentence about how the respiratory rhythm is generated and controlled by the brainstem. The relatively low profile of brainstem studies can be attributed to three main facto ...
nervous system
... the neuromuscular junction) into the synaptic cleft. Ach binds to receptor sites on the muscle fiber (muscle cell) membrane and starts an electrical impulse called an action potential, which travels along the length of the muscle fiber and causes it to contract. The Ach that was released is rapi ...
... the neuromuscular junction) into the synaptic cleft. Ach binds to receptor sites on the muscle fiber (muscle cell) membrane and starts an electrical impulse called an action potential, which travels along the length of the muscle fiber and causes it to contract. The Ach that was released is rapi ...
3 state neurons for contextual processing
... Abstract Neurons receive excitatory inputs via both fast AMPA and slow NMDA type receptors. We find that neurons receiving input via NMDA receptors can have two stable membrane states which are input dependent. Action potentials can only be initiated from the higher voltage state. Similar observatio ...
... Abstract Neurons receive excitatory inputs via both fast AMPA and slow NMDA type receptors. We find that neurons receiving input via NMDA receptors can have two stable membrane states which are input dependent. Action potentials can only be initiated from the higher voltage state. Similar observatio ...
ImageSurfer: Visualization of Dendritic Spines
... A single slice of the sample is illuminated with a wavelength that causes the a phosphorescing tag named DiO (dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate) to glow and an image is captured. The phosphorescing DiO reveals the lipid layor of the dendrites. The sample is then illuminated with another wavelen ...
... A single slice of the sample is illuminated with a wavelength that causes the a phosphorescing tag named DiO (dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate) to glow and an image is captured. The phosphorescing DiO reveals the lipid layor of the dendrites. The sample is then illuminated with another wavelen ...
Serotonin release from the neuronal cell body and its long
... assembles a complementary active actin–myosin transport system that propels the vesicles towards the plasma membrane at a lower energy cost [44]. ...
... assembles a complementary active actin–myosin transport system that propels the vesicles towards the plasma membrane at a lower energy cost [44]. ...
Communication
... Through this experiment links can be drawn between the results and how the human eye works. Through accommodation the human eye is able to see distant and near objects with precision. This is largely due to that fact that the lens is able to change shape or accommodate according to the distance of t ...
... Through this experiment links can be drawn between the results and how the human eye works. Through accommodation the human eye is able to see distant and near objects with precision. This is largely due to that fact that the lens is able to change shape or accommodate according to the distance of t ...
EMBRYONIC STEM - Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology
... must be obtained from the after fertilization. donors of any human materials used for research. Embryos are now routinely created in clinics to treat infertility, and those not implanted in a uterus are destroyed if they are not donated for research. The transfer of experimental embryos to a uterus, ...
... must be obtained from the after fertilization. donors of any human materials used for research. Embryos are now routinely created in clinics to treat infertility, and those not implanted in a uterus are destroyed if they are not donated for research. The transfer of experimental embryos to a uterus, ...
Cerebellum- and forebrain-derived stem cells
... neuronal subtypes (granule cells, Golgi, stellate, basket neurons and Purkinje cells) and into the less common neuronal subtypes (Lugaro, brush and candelabrum neurons) (Flace et al., 2004; Laine and Axelrad, 1994). The only excitatory neurons residing in the cerebellum are the granule cells [except ...
... neuronal subtypes (granule cells, Golgi, stellate, basket neurons and Purkinje cells) and into the less common neuronal subtypes (Lugaro, brush and candelabrum neurons) (Flace et al., 2004; Laine and Axelrad, 1994). The only excitatory neurons residing in the cerebellum are the granule cells [except ...
Neural networks.
... Neural networks are adaptive statistical models based on an analogy with the structure of the brain. They are adaptive because they can learn to estimate the parameters of some population using a small number of exemplars (one or a few) at a time. They do not differ essentially from standard statist ...
... Neural networks are adaptive statistical models based on an analogy with the structure of the brain. They are adaptive because they can learn to estimate the parameters of some population using a small number of exemplars (one or a few) at a time. They do not differ essentially from standard statist ...
(addl. 3)
... Where a, b, c, d, and I are parameters that define the neuron’s behavior, v is a variable representing the membrane potential in millivolts, and u is a variable representing membrane recovery. The parameter I represents the synaptic current resulting from the combination of post-synaptic potentials. ...
... Where a, b, c, d, and I are parameters that define the neuron’s behavior, v is a variable representing the membrane potential in millivolts, and u is a variable representing membrane recovery. The parameter I represents the synaptic current resulting from the combination of post-synaptic potentials. ...
48 BIOLOGY 1. Overview of Neurons 11/3/2014
... Graded potentials are changes in polarization where the magnitude of the change varies with strength of the stimulus ...
... Graded potentials are changes in polarization where the magnitude of the change varies with strength of the stimulus ...
Challenges for Brain Emulation
... Where a, b, c, d, and I are parameters that define the neuron’s behavior, v is a variable representing the membrane potential in millivolts, and u is a variable representing membrane recovery. The parameter I represents the synaptic current resulting from the combination of post-synaptic potentials. ...
... Where a, b, c, d, and I are parameters that define the neuron’s behavior, v is a variable representing the membrane potential in millivolts, and u is a variable representing membrane recovery. The parameter I represents the synaptic current resulting from the combination of post-synaptic potentials. ...
Two Kinds of Reverse Inference in Cognitive Neuroscience
... of a key difference between TT and ST. According to TT, what execution and observation share is the tokening of the same concept, which is taken to be an abstract representation that cannot be reduced to sensory or motor processes. In contrast, ST claims that what both tasks share is a partial overl ...
... of a key difference between TT and ST. According to TT, what execution and observation share is the tokening of the same concept, which is taken to be an abstract representation that cannot be reduced to sensory or motor processes. In contrast, ST claims that what both tasks share is a partial overl ...
Membrane Properties Underlying the Firing of Neurons in the Avian
... from the Vlllth nerve to other parts of the auditory system. To examine the cellular properties that permit NM neurons to transmit reliably the temporal characteristics of the acoustic stimulus, we performed wholecell recordings in neurons of the chick NM using an in vitro thin slice preparation. NM ...
... from the Vlllth nerve to other parts of the auditory system. To examine the cellular properties that permit NM neurons to transmit reliably the temporal characteristics of the acoustic stimulus, we performed wholecell recordings in neurons of the chick NM using an in vitro thin slice preparation. NM ...
Aggregate Input-Output Models of Neuronal Populations
... output neurons, and are thus simple to analyze. However, with recent advances in the ability to simultaneously record a large number of single units in different brain structures, we need a systematic method to be able to parse through these data. Instead of studying a large number of individual IO ...
... output neurons, and are thus simple to analyze. However, with recent advances in the ability to simultaneously record a large number of single units in different brain structures, we need a systematic method to be able to parse through these data. Instead of studying a large number of individual IO ...
Somatosensory Cortical Activity in Relation to Arm Posture
... An experiment began with repeated presentation of the small block of six target locations (see Fig. 2). The neural activity was recorded during the 3-s period in which the animal held the manipulandum. As the experiment progressed, a cumulative average of the cell’s discharge rate within fixed porti ...
... An experiment began with repeated presentation of the small block of six target locations (see Fig. 2). The neural activity was recorded during the 3-s period in which the animal held the manipulandum. As the experiment progressed, a cumulative average of the cell’s discharge rate within fixed porti ...
Supplementary Material
... before immunostaining with antibodies recognizing LC3, p62 and βIII tubulin. There was an increase in LC3+p62+ cargo-containing autophagosomes in neurons treated with CQ compared to neurons that were not treated (p<0.0001, F=200.1, DF=2, 2-way ANOVA). However, there were no significant differences ...
... before immunostaining with antibodies recognizing LC3, p62 and βIII tubulin. There was an increase in LC3+p62+ cargo-containing autophagosomes in neurons treated with CQ compared to neurons that were not treated (p<0.0001, F=200.1, DF=2, 2-way ANOVA). However, there were no significant differences ...
What is the Nervous System?
... The neuron is covered with the Myelin Sheath or Schwann Cells. These are white segmented covering around axons and dendrites of many peripheral neurons. The covering is continuous along the axons or dendrites except at the point of termination and at the nodes of Ranvier. The neurilemma is the layer ...
... The neuron is covered with the Myelin Sheath or Schwann Cells. These are white segmented covering around axons and dendrites of many peripheral neurons. The covering is continuous along the axons or dendrites except at the point of termination and at the nodes of Ranvier. The neurilemma is the layer ...
Visuomotor neurons: ambiguity of the discharge or `motor` perception?
... One of the strongest dogmas in clinical neurophysiology is that conveyed by the simiusculi and homunculi of Woolsey ŽWoolsey, 1958. and Penfield ŽPenfield and Rasmussen, 1950.. No one among all neuroscience textbooks fails to represent the suggestive picture of the two dwarfs with enormous hands and ...
... One of the strongest dogmas in clinical neurophysiology is that conveyed by the simiusculi and homunculi of Woolsey ŽWoolsey, 1958. and Penfield ŽPenfield and Rasmussen, 1950.. No one among all neuroscience textbooks fails to represent the suggestive picture of the two dwarfs with enormous hands and ...
Evidence for Apoptotic Cell Death in Huntington Disease and
... either apoptotic or necrotic types, but it is not clear whether these two processes are mutually exclusive. For example, in the nervous system, features of apoptosis may be present in some types of anoxic-ischemic injury, a classical type of necrotic cell death (Goto et al., 1990; Tominaga et al., 1 ...
... either apoptotic or necrotic types, but it is not clear whether these two processes are mutually exclusive. For example, in the nervous system, features of apoptosis may be present in some types of anoxic-ischemic injury, a classical type of necrotic cell death (Goto et al., 1990; Tominaga et al., 1 ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.