damage to oligodendrocytes and axons following endothelin 1
... 2.1. CELLS OF THE BRAIN The brain, like all other organs, is made up of vast numbers of cells. Unlike some organs, however, the brain contains a wide variety of cell types. In the middle of the nineteenth century the German anatomist Rudolf Virchow recognized that cells in the brain could be divided ...
... 2.1. CELLS OF THE BRAIN The brain, like all other organs, is made up of vast numbers of cells. Unlike some organs, however, the brain contains a wide variety of cell types. In the middle of the nineteenth century the German anatomist Rudolf Virchow recognized that cells in the brain could be divided ...
Vacuolar system distribution in Arabidopsis
... an unknown nature were visible. Small vacuoles increased in size and number in the elongating cells beside the apex (Fig. 2f). Elongated cells of the hairy region belong to different cell types. In such cells, GFP-Chi was observed in ER and small vacuoles but occasionally also in the large central v ...
... an unknown nature were visible. Small vacuoles increased in size and number in the elongating cells beside the apex (Fig. 2f). Elongated cells of the hairy region belong to different cell types. In such cells, GFP-Chi was observed in ER and small vacuoles but occasionally also in the large central v ...
15 - phschool.com
... nerves are illustrated in Table 13.2. The extrinsic eye muscles are among the most precisely and rapidly controlled skeletal muscles in the entire body. This precision reflects their high axon-to-muscle-fiber ratio: the motor units of these muscles contain only 8 to 12 muscle cells and in some cases ...
... nerves are illustrated in Table 13.2. The extrinsic eye muscles are among the most precisely and rapidly controlled skeletal muscles in the entire body. This precision reflects their high axon-to-muscle-fiber ratio: the motor units of these muscles contain only 8 to 12 muscle cells and in some cases ...
The Autonomic Nervous System
... fibers). • Antagonistic effects: • Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers innervate the same cells. • Actions counteract each other. • _______________________. ...
... fibers). • Antagonistic effects: • Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers innervate the same cells. • Actions counteract each other. • _______________________. ...
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General
... Breuer Reflex a. When the lung becomes over inflated, stretch receptors activate a negative feedback response that “switches-off” the inspiratory ramp and stops further inspiration ...
... Breuer Reflex a. When the lung becomes over inflated, stretch receptors activate a negative feedback response that “switches-off” the inspiratory ramp and stops further inspiration ...
Significance of Neural Crest in Tooth Development
... the neural plate and possibly by nearby mesoderm as well. As the neural tube forms, a group of cells separate from the neuroectoderm. These cells have the capacity to migrate and differentiate extensively within the developing embryo and they are the basis of structures such as spinal sensory gangli ...
... the neural plate and possibly by nearby mesoderm as well. As the neural tube forms, a group of cells separate from the neuroectoderm. These cells have the capacity to migrate and differentiate extensively within the developing embryo and they are the basis of structures such as spinal sensory gangli ...
Synapse Formation
... • Both already carrying the components to form the synapse Æ contact is trigger ...
... • Both already carrying the components to form the synapse Æ contact is trigger ...
The hippocampo-cortical loop: Spatio
... (Pastalkova, Itskov, Amarasingham, & Buzsáki, 2008). We have also different cells for different spatial inputs and sequences. However, the model presented in this paper stays ‘‘focused’’ on the task. The activity during a delay period reflects both the prediction of the ending time of the waiting pe ...
... (Pastalkova, Itskov, Amarasingham, & Buzsáki, 2008). We have also different cells for different spatial inputs and sequences. However, the model presented in this paper stays ‘‘focused’’ on the task. The activity during a delay period reflects both the prediction of the ending time of the waiting pe ...
Vocal communication in frogs
... PRR (‘narrow-band’) can be reset by an interval differing by only 2 ms from the optimal. What is the mechanism for counting? Intracellular recording reveals that the first pulse produces a profound hyperpolarization in rate-tuned toral neurons and subsequent sound pulses produce depolarizations. ‘C ...
... PRR (‘narrow-band’) can be reset by an interval differing by only 2 ms from the optimal. What is the mechanism for counting? Intracellular recording reveals that the first pulse produces a profound hyperpolarization in rate-tuned toral neurons and subsequent sound pulses produce depolarizations. ‘C ...
PPT - Altogen Biosystems
... Products > Transfection Reagent for C6 Cells (Glioma Cells, CCL-107) Altogen Biosystems offers the C6 Transfection Reagent among a host of 100+ cell line specific In Vitro Transfection Kits. The C6 Transfection Reagent is an advanced lipid formulation reagent, and it has been developed to provide hi ...
... Products > Transfection Reagent for C6 Cells (Glioma Cells, CCL-107) Altogen Biosystems offers the C6 Transfection Reagent among a host of 100+ cell line specific In Vitro Transfection Kits. The C6 Transfection Reagent is an advanced lipid formulation reagent, and it has been developed to provide hi ...
Temporal Patterning of Neural Progenitors in Drosophila
... pdm mutants, with a few extra RP3 neurons produced, but RP5 neurons are still specified. Similarly, Cas is required for closing the third (RP5) temporal identity window: In cas mutants, there are ectopic RP5 neurons (Tran & Doe, 2008). Thus, a series of TFs sequentially expressed in NBs control the ...
... pdm mutants, with a few extra RP3 neurons produced, but RP5 neurons are still specified. Similarly, Cas is required for closing the third (RP5) temporal identity window: In cas mutants, there are ectopic RP5 neurons (Tran & Doe, 2008). Thus, a series of TFs sequentially expressed in NBs control the ...
Activity of Ventral Medial Thalamic Neurons during
... France) and then digitized with a sampling rate of 20 kHz (intracellular signals), 10 kHz (extracellular signals), or 300 Hz (EEG) for off-line analysis. To perform spectral analysis of EEG potentials, fast Fourier transforms were applied using Spike 2 (CED Software; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cam ...
... France) and then digitized with a sampling rate of 20 kHz (intracellular signals), 10 kHz (extracellular signals), or 300 Hz (EEG) for off-line analysis. To perform spectral analysis of EEG potentials, fast Fourier transforms were applied using Spike 2 (CED Software; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cam ...
Asynchronous state
... asymptotically, the population averaged firing rate of each population is proportional to the population averaged rate of the external neurons ...
... asymptotically, the population averaged firing rate of each population is proportional to the population averaged rate of the external neurons ...
Production of nerve growth factor by
... another 48 hr with 10 lM cytosine arabinoside, and then amplified to 2 3 104 cells/cm2 in a 35-mm Petri dish or glass coverslips. Astrocyte monolayers were >98% pure as determined by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity and were devoid of OX42-positive microglial cells. Hipoccampal ...
... another 48 hr with 10 lM cytosine arabinoside, and then amplified to 2 3 104 cells/cm2 in a 35-mm Petri dish or glass coverslips. Astrocyte monolayers were >98% pure as determined by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity and were devoid of OX42-positive microglial cells. Hipoccampal ...
Neurogenesis from Neural Stem Cells, Ependymal Cells and
... marker of ependymal cells in rats similar to mice, and used FoxJ1 promoter in piggyBac system to genetically label these cells with fluorescent reporter proteins GFP or RFP by electroporation. Tracing the lineage of the labeled cells in intact and stroke-damaged brain, we identified that FoxJ1 expre ...
... marker of ependymal cells in rats similar to mice, and used FoxJ1 promoter in piggyBac system to genetically label these cells with fluorescent reporter proteins GFP or RFP by electroporation. Tracing the lineage of the labeled cells in intact and stroke-damaged brain, we identified that FoxJ1 expre ...
Andrea Kádár
... (CART) expression as this peptide was not identified in any other TRH-expressing populations of the brain. Although the localization of the hypophysiotropic TRH neurons is precisely determined in rats, limited information is available currently about the distribution of these neurons in mice, the mo ...
... (CART) expression as this peptide was not identified in any other TRH-expressing populations of the brain. Although the localization of the hypophysiotropic TRH neurons is precisely determined in rats, limited information is available currently about the distribution of these neurons in mice, the mo ...
Neural Control of Interappendage Phase During Locomotion
... Coordinated locomotion in many multiappendage animals (e.g., crayfish, cockroach, chicken, cat) is characterized by the movement of a given limb having (i) the same frequency as another limb and (ii) a regulated phase relationship with another limb (Gray, 1968). Motor neuron recordings from deaffere ...
... Coordinated locomotion in many multiappendage animals (e.g., crayfish, cockroach, chicken, cat) is characterized by the movement of a given limb having (i) the same frequency as another limb and (ii) a regulated phase relationship with another limb (Gray, 1968). Motor neuron recordings from deaffere ...
LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 5 The Central Nervous
... (1) Sensorv neurons. In sensory neurons, impulses are transmitted from receptor organs (for pain, vision, hearing, and so forth) to the central nervous system (CNS). Sensory neurons are also known as afferent neurons. (2) Motor neurons. In motor neurons, impulses are transmitted from the central ner ...
... (1) Sensorv neurons. In sensory neurons, impulses are transmitted from receptor organs (for pain, vision, hearing, and so forth) to the central nervous system (CNS). Sensory neurons are also known as afferent neurons. (2) Motor neurons. In motor neurons, impulses are transmitted from the central ner ...
The resting membrane potential - Lectures For UG-5
... Cells which can respond to a stimulus are said to be excitable (nerve and muscle cells) There is a threshold value for the intensity of a stimulus which can generate an action potential Stimulus less than threshold value will generate a “graded potential” which cannot be transferred over long ...
... Cells which can respond to a stimulus are said to be excitable (nerve and muscle cells) There is a threshold value for the intensity of a stimulus which can generate an action potential Stimulus less than threshold value will generate a “graded potential” which cannot be transferred over long ...
Dorsal Column Nuclei Neurons Recorded in a Brain Stem–Spinal
... 1973; Beck 1981). The primary afferent input to dorsal column nuclei (DCN) neurons may use glutamate as the main neurotransmitter since ionophoretic applications of glutamate in the vicinity of these neurons caused excitation (Galindo et al. 1967), while 1-hydroxy-3-aminopyrrolid-2-one (HA-966, an e ...
... 1973; Beck 1981). The primary afferent input to dorsal column nuclei (DCN) neurons may use glutamate as the main neurotransmitter since ionophoretic applications of glutamate in the vicinity of these neurons caused excitation (Galindo et al. 1967), while 1-hydroxy-3-aminopyrrolid-2-one (HA-966, an e ...
Hypothalamus
... into the vasculature which is subsequently metabolized to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II has access to neurons in a region of the nervous system known as the subfornical organ (SFO) that lacks a blood–brain barrier. SFO neurons express angiotensin II receptors and also project to the magnocellular v ...
... into the vasculature which is subsequently metabolized to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II has access to neurons in a region of the nervous system known as the subfornical organ (SFO) that lacks a blood–brain barrier. SFO neurons express angiotensin II receptors and also project to the magnocellular v ...
action potential
... During the undershoot, membrane permeability to K+ is at first higher than at rest, then voltage-gated K+ channels close; resting potential is restored During the refractory period after an action potential, a second action potential cannot be initiated The refractory period is a result of a tempora ...
... During the undershoot, membrane permeability to K+ is at first higher than at rest, then voltage-gated K+ channels close; resting potential is restored During the refractory period after an action potential, a second action potential cannot be initiated The refractory period is a result of a tempora ...
Anatomy Review - Interactive Physiology
... • Chemical synapses have two parts: an axon terminal of one neuron, and the cell membrane of another neuron. • The neuron conducting an action potential toward the synapse is called the presynaptic neuron. • The axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron contains membranous sacs called synaptic vesicle ...
... • Chemical synapses have two parts: an axon terminal of one neuron, and the cell membrane of another neuron. • The neuron conducting an action potential toward the synapse is called the presynaptic neuron. • The axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron contains membranous sacs called synaptic vesicle ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.