histology of the central nervous system
... (the+ end) and may simultaneously depolymerize at the other end (the –end), returning the subunits to the cytoplasmic pool. The microtubules have a fixed polarity with their “plus end” toward the axon ending and their “minus end” toward the cell body. Kinesin (Fig-14) is a motor protein with ATP ase ...
... (the+ end) and may simultaneously depolymerize at the other end (the –end), returning the subunits to the cytoplasmic pool. The microtubules have a fixed polarity with their “plus end” toward the axon ending and their “minus end” toward the cell body. Kinesin (Fig-14) is a motor protein with ATP ase ...
The endogenously active brain - William Bechtel
... Cognitive activity is assumed to begin with the presentation of a task or stimulus, which is represented and the representation is then transformed via operations specified by the architecture. This reactive ...
... Cognitive activity is assumed to begin with the presentation of a task or stimulus, which is represented and the representation is then transformed via operations specified by the architecture. This reactive ...
Resistive communications based on neuristors
... Memristors are used in hardware neural networks, both to implement different learning algorithms and back propagation. It is also used to build neuromorphic systems (hardware that mimics the brain). Memristors can also be used in analog circuits, for example as reconfigurable resistors to change the ...
... Memristors are used in hardware neural networks, both to implement different learning algorithms and back propagation. It is also used to build neuromorphic systems (hardware that mimics the brain). Memristors can also be used in analog circuits, for example as reconfigurable resistors to change the ...
Toxicological effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate
... neuron in the output layer. The number of neurons in the hidden layer has a significant impact on the network learning ability. If the number is too small, the network can not sufficiently study the data, thus affecting the predicted result; and if the number is too large, the network structure may ...
... neuron in the output layer. The number of neurons in the hidden layer has a significant impact on the network learning ability. If the number is too small, the network can not sufficiently study the data, thus affecting the predicted result; and if the number is too large, the network structure may ...
Discussion and future directions
... Another observation with respect to the theoretical assumptions of our model, concerns the fact that it was mainly inspired by models of the visual cortex (see also discussion in Section 7.1.2 below). The power of the visual model was twofold. Firstly, at its heart, the modeling of visual cortex org ...
... Another observation with respect to the theoretical assumptions of our model, concerns the fact that it was mainly inspired by models of the visual cortex (see also discussion in Section 7.1.2 below). The power of the visual model was twofold. Firstly, at its heart, the modeling of visual cortex org ...
The Role of Dorsal Columns Pathway in Visceral Pain
... visceral organs. Behavioral, electrophysiological and immunohistochemical methods used under experimental situations in animals showed that DC lesion lead to decreased activation of thalamic and gracile neurons by visceral stimuli, suppressed inhibition of exploratory activity induced by visceral no ...
... visceral organs. Behavioral, electrophysiological and immunohistochemical methods used under experimental situations in animals showed that DC lesion lead to decreased activation of thalamic and gracile neurons by visceral stimuli, suppressed inhibition of exploratory activity induced by visceral no ...
empathize with fictional characters
... for how we empathize with other people and with fictional characters. We propose that the same neural mechanisms we use to empathize with real people make us also empathize with fictional characters. Whilst these neural mechanisms enable us to empathize with fictional characters of all kinds, in movies ...
... for how we empathize with other people and with fictional characters. We propose that the same neural mechanisms we use to empathize with real people make us also empathize with fictional characters. Whilst these neural mechanisms enable us to empathize with fictional characters of all kinds, in movies ...
Study Guide
... • Paragraph 15: An action potential is essentially the depolarization of an axon caused by an influx of Na + ions. This depolarization is short-lived because K+ ions then flow out of the axon, bringing the membrane back to its negative resting potential. The K+ channels thus influence the length of ...
... • Paragraph 15: An action potential is essentially the depolarization of an axon caused by an influx of Na + ions. This depolarization is short-lived because K+ ions then flow out of the axon, bringing the membrane back to its negative resting potential. The K+ channels thus influence the length of ...
Mitotic Spindle Regulation by Nde1 Controls Cerebral
... absent gyri and sulci, lissencephalic brains typically show an abnormally thickened cortex with striking disruption of the normal six-layered neocortical pattern at the histological level (Barkovich et al., 1991; Dobyns et al., 1993). Since many neurons in lissencephalic brains are observed in deepe ...
... absent gyri and sulci, lissencephalic brains typically show an abnormally thickened cortex with striking disruption of the normal six-layered neocortical pattern at the histological level (Barkovich et al., 1991; Dobyns et al., 1993). Since many neurons in lissencephalic brains are observed in deepe ...
On the Role of the Pontine Brainstem in Vocal Pattern Generation: A
... twice a day during feeding time, because the occurrence rate of vocalizations was the highest during that time. Before each session, the experimental animal was caught and placed in a monkey chair. There, the electrodes were moved into a new position and batteries were exchanged, if necessary. The d ...
... twice a day during feeding time, because the occurrence rate of vocalizations was the highest during that time. Before each session, the experimental animal was caught and placed in a monkey chair. There, the electrodes were moved into a new position and batteries were exchanged, if necessary. The d ...
Module 4 SG - HallquistCPHS.com
... charged ions, while the fluid outside has mostly _ (positively /negatively) charged ions. This polarization, called the _ , occurs because the cell membrane is ~~~~~~~ ...
... charged ions, while the fluid outside has mostly _ (positively /negatively) charged ions. This polarization, called the _ , occurs because the cell membrane is ~~~~~~~ ...
document1004
... action into the conceptual framework. Thus theory of functional systems, firstly, included the isomorphic system-creating factor into the conceptual apparatus of systemic approach, and, secondly, it radically changed the understanding of the causation of behavior. According to the classic interpreta ...
... action into the conceptual framework. Thus theory of functional systems, firstly, included the isomorphic system-creating factor into the conceptual apparatus of systemic approach, and, secondly, it radically changed the understanding of the causation of behavior. According to the classic interpreta ...
Rat Thought-Controlled Robot Arm
... Fig. 4. Comparison of modes of movement ‘coding’ in lever-movement/robot-arm mode. Vertical dotted lines indicate starts and stops of lever movement. (a) Spike train rasters from three neurons showing low, middle and high correlation with forelimb movement. (b) Stripchart of 32-neuron NP function (N ...
... Fig. 4. Comparison of modes of movement ‘coding’ in lever-movement/robot-arm mode. Vertical dotted lines indicate starts and stops of lever movement. (a) Spike train rasters from three neurons showing low, middle and high correlation with forelimb movement. (b) Stripchart of 32-neuron NP function (N ...
Serotonin Depletion In Vivo Inhibits the
... 1% ascorbate, and 0.05% visual marker) by the use of the procedure described previously by Benton et al. (1997). Control animals were injected only with vehicle solution, whereas normal animals were handled but not injected. Embryos were injected or handled once a week for 3 weeks and then allowed t ...
... 1% ascorbate, and 0.05% visual marker) by the use of the procedure described previously by Benton et al. (1997). Control animals were injected only with vehicle solution, whereas normal animals were handled but not injected. Embryos were injected or handled once a week for 3 weeks and then allowed t ...
Review Handout
... faces of Schwann cell plasma membrane Intraperiod line: formed by fusion of the extracellular surfaces of Schwann cell plasma membrane in successive layers of the myelin sheath NOTE: Schwann cell cytoplasm persists in several locations: Inner collar (between axon and myelin sheath Outer collar (exte ...
... faces of Schwann cell plasma membrane Intraperiod line: formed by fusion of the extracellular surfaces of Schwann cell plasma membrane in successive layers of the myelin sheath NOTE: Schwann cell cytoplasm persists in several locations: Inner collar (between axon and myelin sheath Outer collar (exte ...
New dimensions of interneuronal specialization unmasked by
... collateral-associated (SCA) cells (b), neurogliaform (NGF) cells (c), Ivy cells (d), basket cells (BC) (e,f), bistratified (g) and oriens lacunosum-moleculare (O-LM) cells (not illustrated). These cells can express different molecular markers, including cholecystokinin (CCK; blue), parvalbumin (PV; ...
... collateral-associated (SCA) cells (b), neurogliaform (NGF) cells (c), Ivy cells (d), basket cells (BC) (e,f), bistratified (g) and oriens lacunosum-moleculare (O-LM) cells (not illustrated). These cells can express different molecular markers, including cholecystokinin (CCK; blue), parvalbumin (PV; ...
ARTICLES - Test Page
... been suggested that old neurons are replaced by new neurons in the olfactory bulb, as the size of the olfactory bulb does not substantially change throughout life7–10, whereas neurogenesis contributes to the increase in neuronal number in the dentate gyrus in adult rats11–15. Furthermore, it has bee ...
... been suggested that old neurons are replaced by new neurons in the olfactory bulb, as the size of the olfactory bulb does not substantially change throughout life7–10, whereas neurogenesis contributes to the increase in neuronal number in the dentate gyrus in adult rats11–15. Furthermore, it has bee ...
Linking reward expectation to behavior in the basal ganglia
... these factors is central to the function of the caudate? That is, it seems possible that the activity measured in the caudate during the BST did not reflect reward context per se but, rather, a more general anticipation of an impending eye movement. This kind of anticipation is known to be represent ...
... these factors is central to the function of the caudate? That is, it seems possible that the activity measured in the caudate during the BST did not reflect reward context per se but, rather, a more general anticipation of an impending eye movement. This kind of anticipation is known to be represent ...
Formation, Maturation, and Disorders of Brain Neocortex
... it disappears (2, 17), although some subplate neurons are still present in the white matter in adults (19). After neuronal migration has been completed, radial glial fibers transform into normal astrocytes (Fig. 3G), which may be of importance in the guidance of axons through the developing brain ...
... it disappears (2, 17), although some subplate neurons are still present in the white matter in adults (19). After neuronal migration has been completed, radial glial fibers transform into normal astrocytes (Fig. 3G), which may be of importance in the guidance of axons through the developing brain ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.