Chapter 24. Amines
... Orientation in Hofmann Elimination • We would expect that the more highly substituted alkene product predominates in the E2 reaction of an alkyl halide (Zaitsev's rule) • However, the less highly substituted alkene predominates in the Hofmann elimination due to the large size of the trialkylamine l ...
... Orientation in Hofmann Elimination • We would expect that the more highly substituted alkene product predominates in the E2 reaction of an alkyl halide (Zaitsev's rule) • However, the less highly substituted alkene predominates in the Hofmann elimination due to the large size of the trialkylamine l ...
IN VITRO Research Article S. NITHIYA *, N. KARTHIK
... determine the level of significance (P <0.05).In this study antiradical activities of synthesized compounds 13 and standard antioxidant such as ascorbic acid were determine by using DPPH method. The inhibitory effect of synthesized compounds 13 on DPPH radical was showed in (F ...
... determine the level of significance (P <0.05).In this study antiradical activities of synthesized compounds 13 and standard antioxidant such as ascorbic acid were determine by using DPPH method. The inhibitory effect of synthesized compounds 13 on DPPH radical was showed in (F ...
Coordination Chemistry
... coordination sphere, which is also referred to in some texts as the first sphere, ligands are directly bound to the central metal. In the outer coordination sphere, sometimes referred to as the second sphere, other ions are attached to the complex ion. Werner was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for ...
... coordination sphere, which is also referred to in some texts as the first sphere, ligands are directly bound to the central metal. In the outer coordination sphere, sometimes referred to as the second sphere, other ions are attached to the complex ion. Werner was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for ...
File
... Part B: Reactions of Functional Groups (pg’s 65-80) 1a) Name some common groups of atoms and groups of atoms that can be added to a double or triple bond. b) List some of the possible classes of compounds that can be formed. 2) Explain using an example Markovnikov’s rule. Do alkynes follow this rule ...
... Part B: Reactions of Functional Groups (pg’s 65-80) 1a) Name some common groups of atoms and groups of atoms that can be added to a double or triple bond. b) List some of the possible classes of compounds that can be formed. 2) Explain using an example Markovnikov’s rule. Do alkynes follow this rule ...
Lecture 3 Notes CH.4
... In carbon dioxide (CO2), one carbon atom forms two double bonds with two oxygen atoms. In the structural formula, O=C=O, each line represents a pair of shared electrons. This arrangement completes the valence shells of all atoms in the molecule. ...
... In carbon dioxide (CO2), one carbon atom forms two double bonds with two oxygen atoms. In the structural formula, O=C=O, each line represents a pair of shared electrons. This arrangement completes the valence shells of all atoms in the molecule. ...
22.4: Acidity of Phenols.
... 22.3: Physical Properties (please read). Like other alcohols the OH group of phenols cab participate in hydrogen bonding with other phenol molecules and to water. 22.4: Acidity of Phenols. Phenols are more acidic than aliphatic alcohols ...
... 22.3: Physical Properties (please read). Like other alcohols the OH group of phenols cab participate in hydrogen bonding with other phenol molecules and to water. 22.4: Acidity of Phenols. Phenols are more acidic than aliphatic alcohols ...
UV Spectroscopy
... - orbitals are the lowest energy occupied molecular orbitals * - orbitals are the highest energy unoccupied molecular orbitals - orbitals are of somewhat higher energy occupied molecular orbitals * - orbitals are lower in energy (unoccupied molecular orbitals) than * n - orbitals; Unshared pa ...
... - orbitals are the lowest energy occupied molecular orbitals * - orbitals are the highest energy unoccupied molecular orbitals - orbitals are of somewhat higher energy occupied molecular orbitals * - orbitals are lower in energy (unoccupied molecular orbitals) than * n - orbitals; Unshared pa ...
Revision Booklet
... Compared with alkanes, alcohols have significantly higher boiling points. The hydroxyl groups in alcohol molecules are responsible for hydrogen bonding between the alcohol molecules. As greater energy is required to overcome these strong intermolecular forces, the melting points and boiling points o ...
... Compared with alkanes, alcohols have significantly higher boiling points. The hydroxyl groups in alcohol molecules are responsible for hydrogen bonding between the alcohol molecules. As greater energy is required to overcome these strong intermolecular forces, the melting points and boiling points o ...
無投影片標題
... The attack of the nucleophile from either side of the planar carbocation occurs at equal rates and results in the formation of the enantiomers of butan-2-ol in equal amounts ...
... The attack of the nucleophile from either side of the planar carbocation occurs at equal rates and results in the formation of the enantiomers of butan-2-ol in equal amounts ...
lecture 5
... Physical Properties of Alkynes Alkynes are non polar compounds. Insoluble in water. Soluble in non polar organic solvents. They are less dense than water. Alkynes have low melting points and boiling points. Melting point and boiling point increase as the number of carbons increases. Termina ...
... Physical Properties of Alkynes Alkynes are non polar compounds. Insoluble in water. Soluble in non polar organic solvents. They are less dense than water. Alkynes have low melting points and boiling points. Melting point and boiling point increase as the number of carbons increases. Termina ...
Covalent Bonding and Nomenclature
... Compounds formed when atoms covalently bond are called molecular compounds. Binary molecular compounds are generally composed of two nonmetallic elements. When two nonmetallic elements combine, they often do so in more than one way. For example carbon can combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, ...
... Compounds formed when atoms covalently bond are called molecular compounds. Binary molecular compounds are generally composed of two nonmetallic elements. When two nonmetallic elements combine, they often do so in more than one way. For example carbon can combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, ...
Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding Theories
... adjacent atoms. Orbitals arrange around central atom to avoid each other. Two types of bonds: sigma and pi. ...
... adjacent atoms. Orbitals arrange around central atom to avoid each other. Two types of bonds: sigma and pi. ...
Hybrization of Orbitals
... Key differences between MO and VB theory: MO theory has electrons distributed over molecule VB theory localizes an electron pair between two atoms MO theory combines AOs on DIFFERENT atoms to make ...
... Key differences between MO and VB theory: MO theory has electrons distributed over molecule VB theory localizes an electron pair between two atoms MO theory combines AOs on DIFFERENT atoms to make ...
Main-group elements as transition metals
... distortion (that is, bending) increases as the group is descended, and it is possible to write these distorted structures using a valencebond approach (Fig. 1d), analogous to Lappert’s representations of the ethylene analogues (Fig. 1b and c). In essence, the heavier alkyne analogues also contain an ...
... distortion (that is, bending) increases as the group is descended, and it is possible to write these distorted structures using a valencebond approach (Fig. 1d), analogous to Lappert’s representations of the ethylene analogues (Fig. 1b and c). In essence, the heavier alkyne analogues also contain an ...
Grant MacEwan College - Faculty Web Pages
... Description: This is the second course in organic chemistry. The topics covered include structural and chemical properties of alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, phenols, ethers, aromatic compounds. Aldehyde, ketones, amines, carboxylic acids, and carboxylic acid derivatives. Illustration of these functiona ...
... Description: This is the second course in organic chemistry. The topics covered include structural and chemical properties of alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, phenols, ethers, aromatic compounds. Aldehyde, ketones, amines, carboxylic acids, and carboxylic acid derivatives. Illustration of these functiona ...
Bent`s Rule
... Bent’s Rule In a molecule, smaller bond angles are formed between electronegative ligands since the central atom, to which the ligands are attached, tends to direct bonding hybrid orbitals of greater p character towards its more electronegative substituents. ...
... Bent’s Rule In a molecule, smaller bond angles are formed between electronegative ligands since the central atom, to which the ligands are attached, tends to direct bonding hybrid orbitals of greater p character towards its more electronegative substituents. ...
Organic Compounds
... – Carbon: normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons. C – Hydrogen: forms one covalent bond and no unshared pairs of electrons. H – Nitrogen: normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared pair of electrons. ...
... – Carbon: normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons. C – Hydrogen: forms one covalent bond and no unshared pairs of electrons. H – Nitrogen: normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared pair of electrons. ...
Chapter 21: Organic Chemistry
... Rule 1: Select the longest carbon chain containing the double bond and assign it the parent name derived by changing the suffix ane of the alkane with same number of carbons to ene. • In this example, the longest carbon chain containing the double bond has 5 carbon atoms. • Hence, the name of the al ...
... Rule 1: Select the longest carbon chain containing the double bond and assign it the parent name derived by changing the suffix ane of the alkane with same number of carbons to ene. • In this example, the longest carbon chain containing the double bond has 5 carbon atoms. • Hence, the name of the al ...
Aromaticity
In organic chemistry, the term aromaticity is formally used to describe an unusually stable nature of some flat rings of atoms. These structures contain a number of double bonds that interact with each other according to certain rules. As a result of their being so stable, such rings tend to form easily, and once formed, tend to be difficult to break in chemical reactions. Since one of the most commonly encountered aromatic system of compounds in organic chemistry is based on derivatives of the prototypical aromatic compound benzene (common in petroleum), the word “aromatic” is occasionally used to refer informally to benzene derivatives, and this is how it was first defined. Nevertheless, many non-benzene aromatic compounds exist. In living organisms, for example, the most common aromatic rings are the double-ringed bases in RNA and DNA.The earliest use of the term “aromatic” was in an article by August Wilhelm Hofmann in 1855. Hofmann used the term for a class of benzene compounds, many of which do have odors (unlike pure saturated hydrocarbons). Today, there is no general relationship between aromaticity as a chemical property and the olfactory properties of such compounds, although in 1855, before the structure of benzene or organic compounds was understood, chemists like Hofmann were beginning to understand that odiferous molecules from plants, such as terpenes, had chemical properties we recognize today are similar to unsaturated petroleum hydrocarbons like benzene.In terms of the electronic nature of the molecule, aromaticity describes the way a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs of electrons, or empty molecular orbitals exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone. Aromaticity can be considered a manifestation of cyclic delocalization and of resonance. This is usually considered to be because electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms that are alternately single- and double-bonded to one another. These bonds may be seen as a hybrid of a single bond and a double bond, each bond in the ring identical to every other. This commonly seen model of aromatic rings, namely the idea that benzene was formed from a six-membered carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds (cyclohexatriene), was developed by August Kekulé (see History section below). The model for benzene consists of two resonance forms, which corresponds to the double and single bonds superimposing to produce six one-and-a-half bonds. Benzene is a more stable molecule than would be expected without accounting for charge delocalization.